Structural basis of citrate-dependent and heparan sulfate-mediated cell surface retention of cobra cardiotoxin A3
Lee, S.-C., Guan, H.-H., Wang, C.-H., Huang, W.-N., Tjong, S.-C., Chen, C.-J., Wu, W.-G.(2005) J Biol Chem 280: 9567-9577
- PubMed: 15590643 
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M412398200
- Primary Citation of Related Structures:  
1XT3 - PubMed Abstract: 
Anionic citrate is a major component of venom, but the role of venom citrate in toxicity other than its inhibitory effect on the cation-dependent action of venom toxins is poorly understood. By immobilizing Chinese hamster ovary cells in microcapillary tubes and heparin on sensor chips, we demonstrated that heparan sulfate-mediated cell retention of the major cardiotoxin (CTX) from the Taiwan cobra, CTX A3, near membrane surfaces is citrate-dependent. X-ray determination of a CTX A3-heparin hexasaccharide complex structure at 2.4 A resolution revealed a molecular mechanism for toxin retention in which heparin-induced conformational changes of CTX A3 lead to citrate-mediated dimerization. A citrate ion bound to Lys-23 and Lys-31 near the tip of loop II stabilizes hydrophobic contact of the CTX A3 homodimer at the functionally important loop I and II regions. Additionally, the heparin hexasaccharide interacts with five CTX A3 molecules in the crystal structure, providing another mechanism whereby the toxin establishes a complex network of interactions that result in a strong interaction with cell surfaces presenting heparan sulfate. Our results suggest a novel role for venom citrate in biological activity and reveal a structural model that explains cell retention of cobra CTX A3 through heparan sulfate-CTX interactions.
Organizational Affiliation: 
Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National TsingHua University, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan.