Under the selective pressure of protease inhibitor therapy, patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often develop drug-resistant HIV strains. One of the first drug-resistant mutations to arise in the protease, particularly in patients receiving indinavir or ritonavir treatment, is V82A, which compromises the binding of these and other inhibitors but allows the virus to remain viable ...
Under the selective pressure of protease inhibitor therapy, patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often develop drug-resistant HIV strains. One of the first drug-resistant mutations to arise in the protease, particularly in patients receiving indinavir or ritonavir treatment, is V82A, which compromises the binding of these and other inhibitors but allows the virus to remain viable. To probe this drug resistance, we solved the crystal structures of three natural substrates and two commercial drugs in complex with an inactive drug-resistant mutant (D25N/V82A) HIV-1 protease. Through structural analysis and comparison of the protein-ligand interactions, we found that Val82 interacts more closely with the drugs than with the natural substrate peptides. The V82A mutation compromises these interactions with the drugs while not greatly affecting the substrate interactions, which is consistent with previously published kinetic data. Coupled with our earlier observations, these findings suggest that future inhibitor design may reduce the probability of the appearance of drug-resistant mutations by targeting residues that are essential for substrate recognition.
Related Citations:
How does a symmetric dimer recognize an asymmetric substrate? a substrate complex of HIV-1 protease Prabu-Jeyabalan, M., Nalivaika, E., Schiffer, C.A. (2000) J Mol Biol 301: 1207
Substrate shape determines specificity of recognition for HIV-1 protease: analysis of crystal structures of six substrate complexes Prabu-Jeyabalan, M., Nalivaika, E., Schiffer, C.A. (2002) Structure 10: 369
Lack of synergy for inhibitors targeting a multi-drug resistant HIV-1 protease King, N.M., Melnick, L., Prabu-Jeyabalan, M., Nalivaika, E.A., Yang, S.S., Gao, Y., Nie, X., Zepp, C., Heefner, D.L., Schiffer, C.A. (2002) Protein Sci 11: 418
ABT-538 Is a Potent Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease and has High Oral Bioavailability in Humans Kempf, D.J., Marsh, K.C., Denissen, J.F., McDonald, E., Vasavanonda, S., Flentge, C.A., Green, B.E., Fino, L., Park, C.H., Kong, X., Wideburg, N.E., Saldivar, A., Ruiz, L., Kati, W.M., Sham, H.L., Robins, T., Stewart, K.D., Hsu, A., Plattner, J.J., Leonard, J.M., Norbeck, D.W. (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92: 2484
Organizational Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01605, USA.
Download Mendeley
