5WDM

An ultra-stable single-chain insulin analog resists thermal inactivation and exhibits biological signaling duration equivalent to the native protein

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	Insulin-like	8038024	3000307	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
F	SCOP2B Superfamily	Insulin-like	8038024	3000307	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	Insulin-like	8038024	3000307	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	Insulin-like	8038024	3000307	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
D	SCOP2B Superfamily	Insulin-like	8038024	3000307	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
E	SCOP2B Superfamily	Insulin-like	8038024	3000307	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
B	Insulin	e5wdmB1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: Insulin-like (From Topology)	H: Insulin-like (From Topology)	T: Insulin-like	F: Insulin	ECOD (1.6)
F	Insulin	e5wdmF1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: Insulin-like (From Topology)	H: Insulin-like (From Topology)	T: Insulin-like	F: Insulin	ECOD (1.6)
A	Insulin	e5wdmA1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: Insulin-like (From Topology)	H: Insulin-like (From Topology)	T: Insulin-like	F: Insulin	ECOD (1.6)
C	Insulin	e5wdmC1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: Insulin-like (From Topology)	H: Insulin-like (From Topology)	T: Insulin-like	F: Insulin	ECOD (1.6)
D	Insulin	e5wdmD1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: Insulin-like (From Topology)	H: Insulin-like (From Topology)	T: Insulin-like	F: Insulin	ECOD (1.6)
E	Insulin	e5wdmE1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: Insulin-like (From Topology)	H: Insulin-like (From Topology)	T: Insulin-like	F: Insulin	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
B	1.10.100.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Insulin-like, subunit E	Insulin-like	CATH (4.3.0)
F	1.10.100.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Insulin-like, subunit E	Insulin-like	CATH (4.3.0)
A	1.10.100.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Insulin-like, subunit E	Insulin-like	CATH (4.3.0)
C	1.10.100.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Insulin-like, subunit E	Insulin-like	CATH (4.3.0)
D	1.10.100.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Insulin-like, subunit E	Insulin-like	CATH (4.3.0)
E	1.10.100.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Insulin-like, subunit E	Insulin-like	CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	PF00049	Insulin/IGF/Relaxin family (Insulin)	Insulin/IGF/Relaxin family	Superfamily includes insulins; relaxins; insulin-like growth factor; and bombyxin. All are secreted regulatory hormones. Disulfide rich, all-alpha fold. Alignment includes B chain, linker (which is processed out of the final product), and A chain.	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	Single-chain insulin analog	protein binding binding signaling receptor binding insulin receptor binding identical protein binding insulin-like growth factor receptor binding enzyme binding protease binding hormone activity molecular function activator activity molecular function regulator activity signaling receptor regulator activity receptor ligand activity signaling receptor activator activity	negative regulation of protein transport protein localization regulation of localization establishment of protein localization cellular localization nitrogen compound transport regulation of cellular process regulation of protein localization transport negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of transport protein localization to extracellular region localization negative regulation of secretion regulation of secretion by cell negative regulation of protein transport protein localization regulation of localization establishment of protein localization cellular localization nitrogen compound transport regulation of cellular process regulation of protein localization transport negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of transport protein localization to extracellular region localization negative regulation of secretion regulation of secretion by cell secretion by cell cellular macromolecule localization negative regulation of cellular process negative regulation of secretion by cell negative regulation of protein localization regulation of biological process regulation of transport secretion organic substance transport biological regulation regulation of establishment of protein localization establishment of protein localization to extracellular region negative regulation of establishment of protein localization export from cell regulation of protein transport protein secretion establishment of localization regulation of secretion regulation of protein secretion negative regulation of protein secretion protein transport regulation of cellular localization macromolecule localization cellular process regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process organonitrogen compound metabolic process regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process regulation of amine metabolic process cellular metabolic process amino acid metabolic process primary metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process amine metabolic process organic substance metabolic process cellular ketone metabolic process regulation of small molecule metabolic process metabolic process small molecule metabolic process regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process oxoacid metabolic process regulation of lipid metabolic process organic acid metabolic process negative regulation of cellular metabolic process fatty acid metabolic process negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process carboxylic acid metabolic process cellular lipid metabolic process regulation of fatty acid metabolic process monocarboxylic acid metabolic process negative regulation of lipid metabolic process lipid metabolic process regulation of catalytic activity positive regulation of catalytic activity regulation of oxidoreductase activity positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity regulation of molecular function positive regulation of molecular function regulation of monooxygenase activity positive regulation of monooxygenase activity regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity positive regulation of phosphorylation regulation of transferase activity positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process regulation of phosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process phosphorus metabolic process protein modification process positive regulation of protein phosphorylation protein phosphorylation positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process phosphorylation regulation of protein metabolic process positive regulation of kinase activity regulation of kinase activity activation of protein kinase activity macromolecule modification regulation of phosphorus metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of protein modification process regulation of protein phosphorylation positive regulation of protein metabolic process positive regulation of biological process positive regulation of cellular metabolic process positive regulation of protein modification process protein metabolic process activation of protein kinase B activity positive regulation of protein kinase activity positive regulation of cellular process positive regulation of transferase activity regulation of protein kinase activity regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of phosphorylation cellular biosynthetic process positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process organic substance biosynthetic process regulation of biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process positive regulation of gene expression regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process cellular response to stimulus nitric oxide mediated signal transduction response to stimulus signaling cGMP-mediated signaling intracellular signal transduction cell communication nitric oxide-cGMP-mediated signaling intracellular signaling cassette signal transduction cell-cell signaling multicellular organismal process system process nervous system process cognition developmental process regulation of developmental process cellular developmental process regulation of cell differentiation positive regulation of developmental process positive regulation of cell differentiation cell differentiation T cell activation immune system process cell activation alpha-beta T cell activation lymphocyte activation leukocyte activation positive regulation of organelle organization regulation of cellular component organization positive regulation of cellular component organization regulation of mitotic nuclear division positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division mitotic cell cycle cellular component organization regulation of mitotic cell cycle positive regulation of cell cycle process cellular component organization or biogenesis cell cycle regulation of cell cycle cell cycle process mitotic nuclear division regulation of cell cycle process organelle fission positive regulation of nuclear division regulation of organelle organization positive regulation of cell cycle organelle organization nuclear division mitotic cell cycle process regulation of nuclear division monosaccharide metabolic process carbohydrate metabolic process hexose metabolic process glucose metabolic process regulation of neuron projection development cell projection organization cell development neuron projection development neurogenesis multicellular organism development neuron differentiation positive regulation of neuron projection development anatomical structure development positive regulation of cell projection organization system development plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization regulation of cell projection organization nervous system development generation of neurons neuron development regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization cellular response to nitrogen compound positive regulation of cell communication response to organic substance positive regulation of signal transduction response to peptide hormone regulation of signal transduction insulin receptor signaling pathway regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway positive regulation of response to stimulus cellular response to endogenous stimulus response to hormone cellular response to organic substance enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway cellular response to hormone stimulus positive regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus regulation of signaling cell surface receptor signaling pathway response to endogenous stimulus response to organonitrogen compound regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus response to nitrogen compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to organonitrogen compound regulation of response to stimulus response to chemical response to insulin regulation of cell communication cellular response to insulin stimulus positive regulation of signaling positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity RNA metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process organic cyclic compound metabolic process regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of respiratory burst respiratory burst regulation of respiratory burst acute-phase response defense response response to stress inflammatory response acute inflammatory response negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity negative regulation of molecular function negative regulation of catalytic activity negative regulation of cellular catabolic process catabolic process energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds carbohydrate catabolic process regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process macromolecule catabolic process cellular catabolic process glucan metabolic process polysaccharide metabolic process regulation of glycogen catabolic process glycogen catabolic process regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process negative regulation of glycogen metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of catabolic process regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process glucan catabolic process glycogen metabolic process generation of precursor metabolites and energy regulation of catabolic process negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process polysaccharide catabolic process regulation of cellular catabolic process energy reserve metabolic process regulation of glycogen metabolic process organic substance catabolic process negative regulation of protein catabolic process negative regulation of protein metabolic process organonitrogen compound catabolic process protein catabolic process regulation of protein catabolic process protein localization to cell periphery protein localization to plasma membrane localization within membrane regulation of protein localization to cell periphery protein localization to membrane regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane regulation of protein localization to membrane lipid catabolic process regulation of lipid catabolic process negative regulation of lipid catabolic process regulation of hormone secretion regulation of peptide secretion positive regulation of secretion by cell hormone secretion peptide secretion positive regulation of hormone secretion positive regulation of secretion amide transport signal release regulation of biological quality regulation of peptide hormone secretion positive regulation of peptide secretion regulation of hormone levels positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion regulation of peptide transport peptide transport positive regulation of transport peptide hormone secretion hormone transport chemical homeostasis homeostatic process glucose homeostasis carbohydrate homeostasis regulation of growth growth positive regulation of cell growth regulation of cell growth cell growth positive regulation of growth positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus regulation of protein localization to nucleus protein localization to nucleus protein localization to organelle positive regulation of protein localization pyridine nucleotide catabolic process carbohydrate derivative metabolic process organophosphate catabolic process nucleoside phosphate catabolic process regulation of ATP metabolic process regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process regulation of nucleotide metabolic process purine ribonucleotide catabolic process nucleoside phosphate metabolic process pyruvate metabolic process purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process purine-containing compound catabolic process regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process positive regulation of ATP metabolic process nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process pyridine-containing compound catabolic process ribose phosphate metabolic process ATP metabolic process positive regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process purine nucleotide catabolic process carbohydrate derivative catabolic process positive regulation of glycolytic process organic cyclic compound catabolic process purine-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of catabolic process ADP metabolic process purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process purine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process ribonucleotide catabolic process positive regulation of nucleotide catabolic process glycolytic process pyridine-containing compound metabolic process pyridine nucleotide metabolic process nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process nucleotide metabolic process purine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process regulation of nucleotide catabolic process nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process purine ribonucleotide metabolic process positive regulation of nucleotide metabolic process purine nucleotide metabolic process ribonucleotide metabolic process ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process nucleotide catabolic process purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process ADP catabolic process regulation of glycolytic process positive regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process organophosphate metabolic process positive regulation of cellular catabolic process positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process modulation of chemical synaptic transmission long-term synaptic potentiation synaptic signaling positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation regulation of synaptic plasticity trans-synaptic signaling positive regulation of synaptic transmission chemical synaptic transmission regulation of trans-synaptic signaling anterograde trans-synaptic signaling regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction regulation of transmembrane transporter activity regulation of transporter activity transmembrane transport regulation of transmembrane transport reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process reactive oxygen species metabolic process regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process positive regulation of glycogen metabolic process carbohydrate biosynthetic process positive regulation of glucose metabolic process positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process glucan biosynthetic process regulation of glucan biosynthetic process regulation of glucose metabolic process polysaccharide biosynthetic process glycogen biosynthetic process regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process dendritic spine maintenance cellular component maintenance regulation of dendritic spine maintenance positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance regulation of synapse structure or activity synapse organization dendritic spine organization postsynapse organization regulation of postsynapse organization regulation of synapse organization cell junction organization neuron projection organization negative regulation of proteolysis regulation of proteolysis proteolysis lipid biosynthetic process positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process positive regulation of lipid metabolic process regulation of lipid biosynthetic process regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction cell population proliferation positive regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of tube diameter regulation of tube size circulatory system process vascular process in circulatory system blood vessel diameter maintenance vasodilation blood circulation regulation of anatomical structure size positive regulation of MAPK cascade regulation of MAPK cascade MAPK cascade positive regulation of establishment of protein localization positive regulation of protein transport positive regulation of protein secretion fatty acid homeostasis lipid homeostasis intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of programmed cell death regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of cell communication negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway cell death negative regulation of signal transduction apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of apoptotic process apoptotic process programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway fat cell differentiation positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation positive regulation of fat cell differentiation regulation of brown fat cell differentiation brown fat cell differentiation regulation of fat cell differentiation positive regulation of locomotion regulation of cell motility positive regulation of cell migration regulation of locomotion positive regulation of cell motility regulation of cell migration cell migration cell motility locomotion regulation of defense response negative regulation of acute inflammatory response regulation of response to external stimulus negative regulation of inflammatory response response to external stimulus regulation of inflammatory response negative regulation of response to external stimulus regulation of response to stress negative regulation of defense response regulation of acute inflammatory response wound healing response to wounding regulation of immune effector process response to biotic stimulus regulation of cell development regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response regulation of immune system process respiratory burst involved in defense response immune response response to other organism regulation of innate immune response negative regulation of immune response negative regulation of immune effector process immune effector process defense response to other organism respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response regulation of immune response negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response negative regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of response to biotic stimulus biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus negative regulation of respiratory burst innate immune response regulation of multicellular organismal process response to external biotic stimulus production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response defense response to symbiont negative regulation of immune system process negative regulation of innate immune response gluconeogenesis negative regulation of gluconeogenesis small molecule biosynthetic process monosaccharide biosynthetic process negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process hexose biosynthetic process regulation of gluconeogenesis cytokine production regulation of cytokine production positive regulation of multicellular organismal process positive regulation of cytokine production G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of gene expression negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process negative regulation of feeding behavior negative regulation of behavior feeding behavior regulation of behavior behavior regulation of feeding behavior neuron projection maintenance hexose transmembrane transport glucose import carbohydrate transport positive regulation of transmembrane transport glucose transmembrane transport regulation of glucose import positive regulation of glucose transmembrane transport regulation of glucose transmembrane transport monosaccharide transmembrane transport positive regulation of glucose import carbohydrate transmembrane transport protein autophosphorylation regulation of protein autophosphorylation positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation	membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure membrane-enclosed lumen cellular anatomical entity intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system intracellular organelle lumen endoplasmic reticulum lumen intracellular organelle organelle lumen organelle endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm Golgi membrane membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure membrane-enclosed lumen cellular anatomical entity intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system intracellular organelle lumen endoplasmic reticulum lumen intracellular organelle organelle lumen organelle endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm Golgi membrane Golgi apparatus membrane bounding membrane of organelle organelle membrane endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment extracellular region extracellular space transport vesicle intracellular vesicle cytoplasmic vesicle vesicle Golgi lumen vesicle lumen cytoplasmic vesicle lumen secretory granule lumen secretory granule secretory vesicle endosome endosome lumen

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	IPR004825	Insulin	Family
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	IPR022353	Insulin, conserved site	Conserved Site
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	IPR036438	Insulin-like superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	IPR022352	Insulin family	Family
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	IPR016179	Insulin-like	Domain

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	Pharos: P01308	maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 1 diabetes mellitus 2 hyperproinsulinemia metabolic syndrome X maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 hyperinsulinism pancreatitis polycystic ovary syndrome obesity disorder myopathy hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Insulin Resistance type 2 diabetes mellitus glucose intolerance hyperglycemia maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 1 diabetes mellitus 2 hyperproinsulinemia metabolic syndrome X maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 hyperinsulinism pancreatitis polycystic ovary syndrome obesity disorder myopathy hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Insulin Resistance type 2 diabetes mellitus glucose intolerance hyperglycemia hypertensive disorder hypoglycemia type 1 diabetes mellitus Alzheimer disease diabetes mellitus rhabdomyolysis bipolar disorder hypertriglyceridemia metabolic disease congestive heart failure permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus 1 kidney failure urinary bladder disease potassium deficiency disease Lewy body dementia prostate cancer liver disease panic disorder Phelan-McDermid syndrome visual epilepsy hepatitis diabetic ketoacidosis cardiac arrest Parkinson disease cystic kidney disease acute liver failure permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus neural tube defect ventricular fibrillation lung disease hyperaldosteronism diabetic kidney disease diarrheal disease palsy skin disease pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm cognitive disorder acromegaly hypothyroidism iniencephaly coronary artery disease muscular disease peripheral neuropathy DEND syndrome gestational diabetes neurodegenerative disease arthritic joint disease hyperandrogenism autoimmune disease blindness (disorder) maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 1 osteoporosis hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia cancer diastematomyelia pancreatic insulinoma cerebrovascular disorder sleep-wake disorder eating disorder pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia acquired metabolic disease tethered spinal cord syndrome infertility disorder craniorachischisis peripheral vascular disease neonatal diabetes mellitus neurenteric cyst prediabetes syndrome lipodystrophy heart disease anemia prostate carcinoma atherosclerosis autonomic neuropathy breast disease diabetic retinopathy pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma cervical cancer metabolic acidosis hypotensive disorder inherited lipid metabolism disorder muscle tissue disease acute kidney failure fatty liver disease kidney disease dementia non-alcoholic fatty liver disease heart failure anovulation

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the National Science Foundation (DBI-1832184), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM133198.