7EIN

SARS-CoV-2 main proteinase complex with microbial metabolite leupeptin


Experimental Data Snapshot

  • Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
  • Resolution: 1.70 Å
  • R-Value Free: 0.260 
  • R-Value Work: 0.235 
  • R-Value Observed: 0.237 

Starting Model: experimental
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wwPDB Validation   3D Report Full Report


This is version 2.1 of the entry. See complete history


Literature

Mechanism of Microbial Metabolite Leupeptin in the Treatment of COVID-19 by Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbs.

Fu, L.Shao, S.Feng, Y.Ye, F.Sun, X.Wang, Q.Yu, F.Wang, Q.Huang, B.Niu, P.Li, X.Wong, C.C.L.Qi, J.Tan, W.Gao, G.F.

(2021) mBio 12: e0222021-e0222021

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02220-21
  • Primary Citation of Related Structures:  
    7EIN

  • PubMed Abstract: 

    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused huge deaths and economic losses worldwide in the current pandemic. The main protease (M pro ) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is thought to be an ideal drug target for treating COVID-19. Leupeptin, a broad-spectrum covalent inhibitor of serine, cysteine, and threonine proteases, showed inhibitory activity against M pro , with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value of 127.2 μM in vitro in our study here. In addition, leupeptin can also inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells, with 50% effective concentration (EC 50 ) values of 42.34 μM. More importantly, various strains of streptomyces that have a broad symbiotic relationship with medicinal plants can produce leupeptin and leupeptin analogs to regulate autogenous proteases. Fingerprinting and structure elucidation using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), respectively, further proved that the Qing-Fei-Pai-Du (QFPD) decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula for the effective treatment of COVID-19 during the period of the Wuhan outbreak, contains leupeptin. All these results indicate that leupeptin at least contributes to the antiviral activity of the QFPD decoction against SARS-CoV-2. This also reminds us to pay attention to the microbiomes in TCM herbs as streptomyces in the soil might produce leupeptin that will later infiltrate the medicinal plant. We propose that plants, microbiome, and microbial metabolites form an ecosystem for the effective components of TCM herbs. IMPORTANCE A TCM formula has played an important role in the treatment of COVID-19 in China. However, the mechanism of TCM action is still unclear. In this study, we identified leupeptin, a metabolite produced by plant-symbiotic actinomyces (PSA), which showed antiviral activity in both cell culture and enzyme assays. Moreover, leupeptin found in the QFPD decoction was confirmed by both HPLC fingerprinting and HRMS. These results suggest that leupeptin likely contributes to the antiviral activity of the QFPD decoction against SARS-CoV-2. This result gives us important insight into further studies of the PSA metabolite and medicinal plant ecosystem for future TCM modernization research.


  • Organizational Affiliation

    CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.


Macromolecules
Find similar proteins by:  (by identity cutoff)  |  3D Structure
Entity ID: 1
MoleculeChains Sequence LengthOrganismDetailsImage
3C-like proteinase
A, B
306Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Mutation(s): 0 
EC: 3.4.22.69
UniProt
Find proteins for P0DTD1 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)
Explore P0DTD1 
Go to UniProtKB:  P0DTD1
Entity Groups  
Sequence Clusters30% Identity50% Identity70% Identity90% Identity95% Identity100% Identity
UniProt GroupP0DTD1
Sequence Annotations
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  • Reference Sequence

Find similar proteins by:  Sequence   |   3D Structure  

Entity ID: 2
MoleculeChains Sequence LengthOrganismDetailsImage
leupeptin
C, D
4synthetic constructMutation(s): 0 
Sequence Annotations
Expand
  • Reference Sequence
Small Molecules
Modified Residues  1 Unique
IDChains TypeFormula2D DiagramParent
OAR
Query on OAR
C, D
PEPTIDE-LIKEC6 H16 N4 OARG
Experimental Data & Validation

Experimental Data

  • Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
  • Resolution: 1.70 Å
  • R-Value Free: 0.260 
  • R-Value Work: 0.235 
  • R-Value Observed: 0.237 
  • Space Group: P 1 21 1
Unit Cell:
Length ( Å )Angle ( ˚ )
a = 46.041α = 90
b = 53.125β = 101.045
c = 113.635γ = 90
Software Package:
Software NamePurpose
PHENIXrefinement
PHENIXrefinement
HKL-2000data reduction
HKL-2000data scaling
PHASERphasing

Structure Validation

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Entry History 

Deposition Data

Revision History  (Full details and data files)

  • Version 1.0: 2021-07-07
    Type: Initial release
  • Version 1.1: 2022-02-16
    Changes: Database references
  • Version 2.0: 2023-11-15
    Changes: Atomic model, Data collection, Derived calculations
  • Version 2.1: 2023-11-29
    Changes: Refinement description