Biological Assembly 1  

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Global Symmetry: Cyclic - C2  (3D View)
Global Stoichiometry: Hetero 4-mer - A2B2 

Biological assembly 1 generated by PISA (software)

Biological Assembly Evidence: gel filtration

Macromolecule Content

• Total Structure Weight: 55533.43 
• Atom Count: 3188 
• Residue Count: 478 
• Unique protein chains: 2

6NKL

2.2 A resolution structure of VapBC-1 from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

• DOI: 10.2210/pdb6NKL/pdb

• Classification: ANTITOXIN
• Organism(s): Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)
• Expression System: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)


• Deposited: 2019-01-07 Released: 2019-04-10 
• Deposition Author(s): Lovell, S., Kashipathy, M.K., Battaile, K.P., Molinaro, A.L., Daines, D.A.
• Funding Organization(s): National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences 

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Experimental Data Snapshot

• Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
• Resolution: 2.2 Å
• R-Value Free: 0.234 
• R-Value Work: 0.186 

Literature

Crystal Structure of VapBC-1 from Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and the Effect of PIN Domain Mutations on Survival during Infection.

Molinaro, A.L., Kashipathy, M.M., Lovell, S., Battaile, K.P., Coussens, N.P., Shen, M., Daines, D.A.

(2019) J.Bacteriol. 201: --

• PubMed: 30936373 
• DOI: 10.1128/JB.00026-19


• PubMed Abstract: 
  

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene pairs have been identified in nearly all bacterial genomes sequenced to date and are thought to facilitate persistence and antibiotic tolerance. TA loci are classified into various types based upon the characteristics of their antitoxins, with those in type II expressing proteic antitoxins. Many toxins from type II modules are ribonucleases that maintain a PilT N-terminus (PIN) domain containing conserved amino acids considered essential for activity. The vapBC ( v irulence a ssociated p rotein) TA system is the largest subfamily in this class, and has been linked to pathogenesis of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). In this study, the crystal structure of the VapBC-1 complex from NTHi was determined to 2.20 Å resolution. Based on this structure, aspartate-to-asparagine and glutamate-to-glutamine mutations of four conserved residues in the PIN domain of the VapC-1 toxin were constructed and the effects of the mutations on protein-protein interactions, growth of Escherichia coli and pathogenesis ex vivo were tested. Finally, a novel model system was designed and utilized that consists of an NTHi Δ vapBC-1 strain complemented in cis with the TA module containing a mutated or wild-type toxin at an ectopic site on the chromosome. This enabled the analysis of the effect of PIN domain toxin mutants in tandem with their wild-type antitoxin under the control of the vapBC- 1 native promoter and in single copy. This is the first report of a system facilitating the study of TA mutant operons in the background of NTHi during infections of primary human tissues ex vivo IMPORTANCE: Herein the crystal structure of the VapBC-1 complex from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is described. Our results show that some of the mutations in the PIN domain of the VapC-1 toxin were associated with decreased toxicity in E. coli , but the mutants retained the ability to homodimerize and to heterodimerize with the wild-type cognate antitoxin, VapB-1. A new system was designed and constructed to quantify the effects of these mutations on NTHi survival during infections of primary human tissues ex vivo Any mutation to a conserved amino acid in the PIN domain significantly decreased the number of survivors compared to the in cis wild-type toxin under the same conditions.

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Organizational Affiliation: 

Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA. [e-mail].,Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine , University of Florida , Box 100245, Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States.,Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, UK.,New York Structural Biology Center, New York, United States.,Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Synchrotron Radiation Research Section of MCL, National Cancer Institute, S Cass Ave 9700, Argonne, IL, U.S.A. [e-mail].,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Life Science, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. [e-mail].,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States.,Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology , Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano" (IQFR-CSIC) , Madrid E-28006 , Spain.,Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala, S-751 23, Sweden. [e-mail].,From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom and [e-mail].,School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.,JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate , Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) , 2-1-1 Sengen , Tsukuba-shi , Ibaraki 305-8505 , Japan.,The Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. [e-mail].,the Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 112-8551 , Japan.,Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory , Grenoble Outstation , 71 avenue des Martyrs , CS 90181 F-38042 Grenoble , France.,Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Laboratory of Bacteriology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan. [e-mail].,Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.,Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 [e-mail].,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,From the Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery and.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece. [e-mail].,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Center for Life Sciences , Skolkov Institute of Science and Technology , 3 Nobel str. , 143026 Moscow , Russia.,Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and.,Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.,Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Graz University of Technology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,a Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology , University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea.,Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PRC.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy. [e-mail].,Cell and Developmental Biology, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. [e-mail].,Structure and Function of Proteins , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Inhoffenstraße 7 , 38124 , Braunschweig , Germany.,Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom; [e-mail].,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.,Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece. [e-mail].,Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,From the Departments of Biochemistry and.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA.,CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, AFMB, Marseille, France.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PRC.,Aquaporin A/S, Nymøllevej 78, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P.R. China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,LIX, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Inria , Université Paris-Saclay , 91128 Palaiseau , France.,Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala, S-751 23, Sweden.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PRC; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PRC.,Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.,Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States.,From the Departments of Pharmacology.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Russian Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, Simpheropolsky Blvd. 8, 113149, Moscow, Russia.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, AFMB, Marseille, France. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A.,Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,University of Tsukuba Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.,Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. [e-mail].,Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research & Development, Archimedesweg 4-6, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Life Sciences National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan.,Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA. [e-mail].,Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum , University of Basel , Basel 4056 , Switzerland.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics.,Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara, Hiroshima, Japan.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PRC. Electronic address: [e-mail].,RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Microbiology, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.,Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Structural Biology Group, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Waksman Institute for Microbiology , 190 Frelinghuysen Road , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA . Email: [e-mail].,Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Nucleic Acids Structure Research Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Instituto Química-Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, 85287 Tempe, AZ, USA.,Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Electronic address: [e-mail].,The Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [e-mail].,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK ; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute,Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK.,Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, United States.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.,Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy. [e-mail].,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , UCSF , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,From the Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ and [e-mail].,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,Departments of Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , The University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States.,Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. [e-mail].,Sandford-Burnham Institute, La Jolla CA, 92037, USA.,NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PRC. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom and.,Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany.,NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece. [e-mail].,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), Department of Chemistry, and the Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.,College of Pharmacy , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada B3H 4R2.,Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.,CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PRC.,Department of Allergology, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Molecular Biology Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan.,Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Cellular Enzymology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Konzern-Hauptsitz, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma and INSTM UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.,c Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory , The Francis Crick Institute , London , UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China.,Department of Picobiology, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology(CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Prozomix Ltd., Station Court, Haltwhistle, Northumberland NE49 9HN, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Murcia , Murcia 30100, Spain.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,From the Departments of Biochemistry and [e-mail].,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria. [e-mail].,From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom and.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030; [e-mail].,Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Sölvegatan 19, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden. [e-mail].,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen OE, Denmark.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.,Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA. [e-mail].,Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Computer Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. [e-mail].,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK. Electronic address: [e-mail].,the Center for Structural Biology, and.,Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001 India.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA Didcot, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States.,Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia.,Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto de Engenharia, Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39440-000 Janaúba, MG, Brazil.,SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden.,Universidade de Lisboa, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.,Structural and Biophysical Chemistry Group, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States [e-mail].,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS , Metalloproteins Unit , F-38000 Grenoble , France.,Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China. [e-mail].,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Agricultural Biotechnology Center National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA.,Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Ctra. Huesca s/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,UCIBIO-Requimte, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal.,Collaboration for joint PhD degree, European Molecular Biology Laboratory and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry (DCCI), University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314; and.,Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Kunigami, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States.,Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Department of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,X-Lab for Transmembrane Signaling Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Proteinase Research Group, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA. [e-mail].,Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan.,Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Science , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States.,Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. [e-mail].,Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, [e-mail].,Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Faculty of Biology and Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research & Discovery, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.,Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy. [e-mail].,Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India.,Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany [e-mail] [e-mail].,From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 and.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.,Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95695 , United States.,IMCA-CAT, Hauptman Woodward Medical Research Institute, Argonne, IL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.,Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.,Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan.,DiscoveRx Corporation , Fremont, California 94538, United States.,CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA. [e-mail].,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC) , Madrid E-28006 , Spain.,Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Biology, Molecular Basis of Disease , Georgia State University , Atlanta , Georgia 30303 , United States.,Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322. USA, Nephron Pharmaceuticals Corp., 4500 12 Street, West Columbia, SC 29172.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510530, China.,Summer Undergraduate Research Fellows (SURF) program, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 707, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada B3H 4R2 . Email: [e-mail].,Core Research Laboratory , Istituto Toscano Tumori , 50139 Florence , Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0378, USA.,Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974, Taiwan.,Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nørre Allé 14, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [e-mail].,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden.,Structural and Biophysical Chemistry Group, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States.,Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Faculty of Biosciences, Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Germany.,Office of the Dean, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA [e-mail].,Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Instituto Química-Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK. Electronic address: [e-mail].,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland.,the Molecular Structure of Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece. [e-mail].,UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 United States.,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Illinois , USA.,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.,Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,StarWise Therapeutics LLC, 505 South Rosa Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, United States.,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom.,Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 239 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201204, China.,X-Lab for Transmembrane Signaling Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States.,University of Pavia, Department of Molecular Medicine, Human Physiology Unit, Via Forlanini 6, I-27100, Pavia, Italy.,Macromolecular Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom [e-mail].,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Biology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Spielmannstraße 7 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany.,Infectious Disease Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States.,Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Centre for Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,IAdChem (Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Science) and Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Spain.,IAdChem (Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Science) and Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Spain. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Center for Structural Biology, and.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [e-mail] [e-mail].,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Medical School, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Departamento de Biología de Sistemas , Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28805 , Spain.,Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A. [e-mail].,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical Surgical Feto-Neonatal Department , "A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital , Viale G. Pieraccini 24 , 50139 Florence , Italy.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden; [e-mail] [e-mail].,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, China.,Structural Biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030.,Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA.,Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,3Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section , University of Florence , Viale G. Pieraccini n. 6 , 50019 Florence , Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.,CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; [e-mail].,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn VA, 20147, USA.,Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo 14040-903 , Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.,Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nørre Allé 14, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark. [e-mail].,Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.,Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Industrial Macromolecular Crystallography Association-Collaborative Access Team, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Argonne, IL 60439.,Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.,Biochemistry.,Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F box 2404, Leuven 3001, Belgium.,Schrödinger , New York , New York 10036 , United States.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.,Institute of Gene Biology , Russian Academy of Science , 34/5 Vavilo str. , 11934 Moscow , Russia.,Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States.,Protein Structure Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, China.,Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology , Kumamoto University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Kumamoto 860-8556 , Japan.,Max Planck Institut für Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 and [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. [e-mail].,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan.,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PRC.,Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. [e-mail].,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. [e-mail].,Instrumental Analysis Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Kunigami, Okinawa, Japan.,MTA-SE Ion Channel Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan; Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Scientific Activities Division, European Spallation Source, 22100 Lund, Sweden.,UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA. [e-mail].,Protein Analysis Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, The University of Montana, Missoula, United States.,From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Discovery Division, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China, 102402.,Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000 Diamantina, MG, Brazil.,d Peptide Chemistry Science Technology Platform , The Francis Crick Institute , London , UK.,Research Center for Drug Discovery , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , China . Email: [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States.,Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, USA.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Division of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure 340252, Ondo State, Nigeria. [e-mail].,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, P.R. China.,Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences , University of Florence, Polo Scientifico , Via U. Schiff 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Firenze Italy.,Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Biochemistry and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Department of Picobiology, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility , Life Sciences Research Institute , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada B3H 4R2.,Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Institute of Biology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece. [e-mail].,Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, Bagsværd 2880, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.,Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA.,Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan. [e-mail].,Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 [e-mail].,Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland. [e-mail].,Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ‡Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,From the Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ and.,Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece. [e-mail].,Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. [e-mail].,Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. [e-mail].,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, United States.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences & ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, AgriBio, The Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy ; University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5606, USA.,Duke University School of Medicine and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology - Immunogen Discovery, Durham, NC, USA.,Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.,The Scripps Research Institute Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 10550, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan.,EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA [e-mail].,Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Kunigami, Okinawa, Japan [e-mail].,Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, NE-CAT, Argonne, United States.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Biology, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden. [e-mail].,Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Life Sciences National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences and Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Clinical Research Center for Allergology and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D-45117 Essen, Germany.,Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.,Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory for Nonnatural Amino Acid Technology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan. [e-mail].,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, United States.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, United States.,UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Protein Analysis Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Metabolic Engineering Group, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. [e-mail].,Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France [e-mail].,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, General and Organic Chemistry Section, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.,Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Archimedesweg 6, Leiden, Netherlands. [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada al IQM-CSIC , Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28805 , Spain.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510530, China.,Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, United States.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, 81675, München, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Chemistry , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina 27858 , United States.,The University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,From the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [e-mail].,Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands [e-mail] [e-mail].,Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan. [e-mail].,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 37008 Salamanca, Spain [e-mail] [e-mail].,b Structural Biology , The Francis Crick Institute , London , UK.,Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St-Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.,Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (China), Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park , Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States.,School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Illinois , USA . Email: [e-mail].,Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, United Kingdom [e-mail].,Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; NanoBioMedical Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.,School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.,Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,From the Departments of Pharmacology, [e-mail].,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Drug Discovery Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States.,Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China; The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Dermatology, Southwest Medical University, affiliated hospital, Luzhou, China.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Laboratory of Advanced Protein Characterization, Research Center for State-of-the-Art Functional Protein Analysis, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; [e-mail].,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.,Institute of Biochemistry , University of Muenster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2 , 48149 Münster , Germany . Email: [e-mail].,Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Université Claude Bernard, Bâtiment Lederer, 1 Rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Electron Imaging Center for Nanomachines, California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.,Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Campus Chemical Instrument Center , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32827, United States.,Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. [e-mail].,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; [e-mail].,College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328.,Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA , INAC-SyMMES , 38000 Grenoble , France.,Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Joint Center for Structural Genomics, La Jolla CA, 92037, USA ; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park CA, 94025, USA.,Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, 679-5148 Hyogo, Japan.,Bio-Molecular Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece. [e-mail].,Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States.,LISM, IMM, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS, Marseille, 13402, France. [e-mail].,Umeå Center for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,LISM, IMM, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS, Marseille, 13402, France.,Department of Chemistry and Ralph Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Illinois , USA.,NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA.,Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.,Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Archimedesweg 6, Leiden, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen OE, Denmark. [e-mail].,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12-14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a , Basel 4002 , Switzerland.,Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0404, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. [e-mail].,Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Refractory Viral Infections , National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute , Tokyo 162-8655 , Japan.,Aix-Marseille Université, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseilles, France.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,Center for Molecular Recognition, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,2Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India.,National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan. [e-mail].,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China, 102402. [e-mail].,Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. [e-mail].,Office of the Dean, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory for Nonnatural Amino Acid Technology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].

Macromolecules

Find similar proteins by: Sequence  |  Structure

Entity ID: 1
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Ribonuclease VapC	A, B	143	Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: vapC1 EC: 3.1.-.-
Find proteins for Q57122 (Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)) Go to UniProtKB:  Q57122

Entity ID: 2
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Antitoxin VapB1	C, D	96	Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: vapB1
Find proteins for Q57534 (Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)) Go to UniProtKB:  Q57534

Experimental Data & Validation

Experimental Data

• Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
• Resolution: 2.2 Å
• R-Value Free: 0.234 
• R-Value Work: 0.186 
• Space Group: P 2₁ 2₁ 2₁

Unit Cell:

Length (Å)	Angle (°)
a = 43.880	α = 90.00
b = 57.325	β = 90.00
c = 175.745	γ = 90.00

Software Package:

Software Name	Purpose
PDB_EXTRACT	data extraction
PHENIX	refinement
Aimless	data scaling
XDS	data reduction
PHASER	phasing

Structure Validation

Entry History & Funding Information

Deposition Data

• Deposited Date: 2019-01-07 
• Released Date: 2019-04-10 
• Deposition Author(s): Lovell, S., Kashipathy, M.K., Battaile, K.P., Molinaro, A.L., Daines, D.A.

---

Funding Organization	Location	Grant Number
National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders	United States	U01 DC014756
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences	United States	P30 GM110761

Revision History 

• Version 1.0: 2019-04-10
  Type: Initial release
• Version 1.1: 2019-06-05
  Type: Data collection, Database references