Biological Assembly 1  

 3D View: Structure | Electron Density | Ligand Interaction

Standalone Viewers  
Protein Workshop | Ligand Explorer

Global Symmetry: Cyclic - C2  (3D View)
Global Stoichiometry: Homo 2-mer - A2 

Biological assembly 1 assigned by authors and generated by PISA (software)

Biological Assembly Evidence: gel filtration

Biological Assembly 2  

 3D View: Structure | Electron Density | Ligand Interaction

Standalone Viewers  
Protein Workshop | Ligand Explorer

Global Symmetry: Cyclic - C2  (3D View)
Global Stoichiometry: Homo 2-mer - A2 

Biological assembly 2 assigned by authors and generated by PISA (software)

Macromolecule Content

• Total Structure Weight: 205499.25 
• Atom Count: 13421 
• Residue Count: 1760 
• Unique protein chains: 1

6CIF

Structure of the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase heme domain in complex with N-(1-(Piperidin-4-yl)indolin-5-yl)thiophene-2-carboximidamide

• DOI: 10.2210/pdb6CIF/pdb

• Classification: OXIDOREDUCTASE
• Organism(s): Homo sapiens
• Expression System: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)


• Deposited: 2018-02-23 Released: 2018-10-31 
• Deposition Author(s): Chreifi, G., Li, H., Poulos, T.L.
• Funding Organization(s): National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS) 

---

Experimental Data Snapshot

• Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
• Resolution: 2.2 Å
• R-Value Free: 0.246 
• R-Value Work: 0.189 

Literature

Structural Basis for Isoform Selective Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition by Thiophene-2-carboximidamides.

Li, H., Evenson, R.J., Chreifi, G., Silverman, R.B., Poulos, T.L.

(2018) Biochemistry 57: 6319-6325

• PubMed: 30335983 
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00895
• Primary Citation of Related Structures:  
  6CIE, 6CID, 6CIC


• PubMed Abstract: 
  

The overproduction of nitric oxide in the brain by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Although inhibiting nNOS is an important therapeutic goal, it is important not to inhibit endothelial NOS (eNOS) because of the critical role played by eNOS in maintaining vascular tone. While it has been possible to develop nNOS selective aminopyridine inhibitors, many of the most potent and selective inhibitors exhibit poor bioavailability properties. Our group and others have turned to more biocompatible thiophene-2-carboximidamide (T2C) inhibitors as potential nNOS selective inhibitors. We have used crystallography and computational methods to better understand how and why two commercially developed T2C inhibitors exhibit selectivity for human nNOS over human eNOS. As with many of the aminopyridine inhibitors, a critical active site Asp residue in nNOS versus Asn in eNOS is largely responsible for controlling selectivity. We also present thermodynamic integration results to better understand the change in p K _a and thus the charge of inhibitors once bound to the active site. In addition, relative free energy calculations underscore the importance of enhanced electrostatic stabilization of inhibitors bound to the nNOS active site compared to eNOS.

---

Organizational Affiliation: 

Polo Scientifico, Neurofarba Department and Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Room 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,College of Physics and Information Science, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China. [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Institute of Informatics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , Mailcode 7760, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive , San Antonio , Texas 78229-3900 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Boston University , 590 Commonwealth Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , Tennessee 38163 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Laboratory for Translation Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, CNRS, France. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland; Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02-776, Poland.,Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, E-26006, Logroño, Spain.,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Structural Biology, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, 40127, Bologna, Italy.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. [e-mail].,Cryo-EM Structural Biology Laboratory, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, United states.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Research Center Borstel , Leibniz Lung Center , Parkallee 22 , Borstel D-23845 , Germany.,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.,Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN, SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97210, United States.,Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.,Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78750, U.S.A.,Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel 4002, Switzerland.,Present address: Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Bioprocess Engineering and Applied Biocatalysis Group, Engineering School, Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97210, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97210, United States.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. [e-mail].,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2, Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan. [e-mail].,Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044, Grenoble, France.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Northwest A&F University , 3 Taicheng Road , Yangling 712100 , Shaanxi , China.,School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97210, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97210, United States; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, 09100, Italy.,Laboratory for Translation Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland. [e-mail].,Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,the Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden, and.,Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States.,Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. [e-mail].,Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan.,From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada [e-mail].,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. [e-mail].,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Chemistry , Box H, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912-9108 , United States.,CRBM, "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Univ Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CRC, 75006, Paris, France.,School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden.,Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience Centre, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-970 Sao Paulo, Brazil.,the IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Integrated Biotherapeutics, Rockville, MD, USA.,Institute for Molecular Biosciences and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany.,the Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.,Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University Kita19-Nishi8, Kita-ku, 060-0819, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. [e-mail].,Division of Structural Biology of Infection and Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Research Institute for Phylogenomics and Evolution, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom.,CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. [e-mail].,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom; [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , A-1190 Vienna , Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing, China.,NIST/IBBR, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA.,Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area Science Park - Basovizza, S.S. n° 14-Km 163.5, I-34149, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3 [e-mail].,Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States.,Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Max Planck Laboratory, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland. [e-mail].,GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.,Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 116 36 Prague 1, Czech Republic.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. [e-mail].,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Protein-DNA Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,the Structural Biology Program and.,Structural Molecular Biology Group, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: [e-mail].,C2RT-Plateforme de cristallographie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry &Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.,Genome Sciences and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.,Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2DD, UK.,UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.,Instituto de Química Médica (IQM,CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain. [e-mail].,Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory for Structure-Based Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97210, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97210, United States. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan.,CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48170, Derio, Spain.,Department of Picobiology, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100245, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States.,Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, United states; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, United states. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,School of Molecular and cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. [e-mail].,the Departments of Biological and Environmental Sciences and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. [e-mail].,Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi US, 153-2nd Ave., Waltham, MA 02451, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Unité de Recherche, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 277-8561, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital, Simkova 870, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA [e-mail].,GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.,Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Av. A. Savary, BP 47 870, F-21078, Dijon Cedex, France.,University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NDMRB, Old Road Campus, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1GA Cambridge, United Kingdom; [e-mail].,Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, CNRS, France.,Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy. [e-mail].,From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.,National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215, United states.,Research Institute for Dokdo and Ulleungdo Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.,Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience Centre, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. [e-mail].,Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5250.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.,College of Physics and Information Science, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.,Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States.,Biological Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. [e-mail].,Structural Molecular Biology Group, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la paroi bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, INSERM équipe Avenir, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1GA Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Industrial Technology Research Institute, 195 Chung Hsing Road Section 4, Chutung, Hsinchu, 31057, Taiwan.,From the Institute for Protein Design.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.,Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.,Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130, Joensuu, Finland.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2, Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.,Diamond Light Source, Didcot, United Kingdom.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia. [e-mail].,Department of Chemical, Life Science and Environmental Sustinability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.,Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany.,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 25, 07100 Sassari, Italy.,School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.,ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.,Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry , Fresno State University , 2555 East San Ramon Avenue, MS SB70 , Fresno , California 93740 , United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Bioanalytics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, 7 Hongji-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea.,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan. [e-mail].,Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. [e-mail].,From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada and [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.,Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel. [e-mail].,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (J.M.B., M.L.W., A.M.R., A.A.P.) and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.) [e-mail].,Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China.,From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, and Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada. [e-mail].,From the Departments of Medicine and [e-mail].,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, 02-091, Poland.,Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2201, Japan.,Bionanoscience and Biochemistry Laboratory, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland.,School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium, NDMRB, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM.,Unité de Génétique moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, CNRS ERL 3526, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. [e-mail].,Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Unité de Biologie moléculaire du gène chez les extrêmophiles, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Chemistry and Physics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8151, [e-mail].,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department CIBIO, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123, Povo, Italy.,Institut für Biologie, Strukturbiologie/Biochemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-10099 Berlin, Germany.,The Rockefeller University, Allen and Frances Adler Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. [e-mail].,Integrated Structural Biology Grenoble (ISBG) - UMS 3518 (CNRS-CEA-UJF-EMBL), 38044, Grenoble, France.,Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.,Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland.,Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi US, 153-2nd Ave., Waltham, MA 02451, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Joseph Aiguier, Marseille, France.,Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK.,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000, Tours, France.,Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.,From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5 and [e-mail].,National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland.,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx) Pty Ltd, Level 3, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Orphagen Pharmaceuticals, 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 4, San Diego, California, 92121, USA.,Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. [e-mail].,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. [e-mail].,School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Ramaciotti Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, 2215 Garland Ave., 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland.,Department of Cancer Biology and Cell Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126, Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK. [e-mail].,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Protein Structure, Function and Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,CNRS, Aix Marseille University, AFMB UMR7257, Marseille, France.,Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Department of Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Center for Fiber and Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan.,School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, New York, NY, USA.,University of Oxford, Structural Genetics Consortium, ORCRB, Old Road Campus, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM.,The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, New York, NY, USA.,The RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Sato-gun, Hyogo, 678-5248, Japan.,Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China.,University of Basel, Biozentrum, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.,From the Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química and.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.,From the Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland, [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (J.M.B., M.L.W., A.M.R., A.A.P.) and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.).,the i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal, and.,Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 OFA, UK.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: [e-mail].,the Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.,IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France.,DLX Scientific, Lawrence, KS, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,the Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, 15 Switzerland.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Dept. of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8480, United states.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 0A4 ON, Canada.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.,the State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChangChun, Jilin 130022, China.,Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada.,National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom.,Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México.,Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. [e-mail].,Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124, Parma, Italy. [e-mail].,IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5250; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.,Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4 ON, Canada.,From the Institute for Protein Design, [e-mail].,the Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Institut für Biologie, Strukturbiologie/Biochemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-10099 Berlin, Germany [e-mail].,Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnosis, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada. [e-mail].,Department of Biomedical Sciences (Unidad Asociada IQM,CSIC) and Instituto de Investigación Quimica "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Unidad Asociada CSIC, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN, SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan; Advanced Electron Microscope Development Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5 and.,Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. [e-mail].,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. [e-mail].,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.,Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla FI-40014, Finland.,Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Laboratory of Basic Science on Healthy Longevity, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. [e-mail].,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, New York, NY, USA.,Instituto de Biocomputación y Fisica de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) Joint Unit, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.,National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, PL-00791, Warsaw, Poland.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Instituto de Química Médica (IQM,CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.,Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200032 , China.,Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02-776, Poland.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; EMBL, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria. [e-mail].,Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Structural Proteomics Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK.,Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.,From the Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química and [e-mail].,School of Biology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina.,Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215, United states; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, United states.,Fundación ARAID, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biochemistry, and.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, 2215 Garland Ave., 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA.,eBIC, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.,Faculty of Agriculture , Niigata University , Niigata 950-2181 , Japan.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB,CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3600, United states.,Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2, Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, Biomedicinskt Centrum (BMC), Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Molecular Biophysics Unit , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 , India.,Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.,From the Departments of Medicine and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53201 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy , Chengdu , Sichuan 610041 , China.,Molecular Biophysics Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Division of Structural Biology of Infection and Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. [e-mail].,Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.,Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215, United states; Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8480, United states; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, United states.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. [e-mail].,From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and [e-mail].,Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3600, United states; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, United states.,FG11 Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, Burgstrasse 37, 38855, Wernigerode, Germany.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan.,Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi US, 153-2nd Ave., Waltham, MA 02451, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78750, U.S.A. [e-mail].,School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA. [e-mail].,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. [e-mail].,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. [e-mail].,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.,Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 13, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia. [e-mail].,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA.,Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio , National Research Council Canada , 100 Sussex Drive , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada K1A 0R6.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. [e-mail].,Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular &Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, PL-91403 Łódź, Poland.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,EN-FIST Center of Excellence, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.,the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588.,Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan. [e-mail].,Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112.,Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), de Duve Institute, Avenue Hippocrate 75 bte 74.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Biology Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.,New College of Florida, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA.,Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Igua 4425, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Molecular Biophysics Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-3900 , United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.,Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Genome Sciences and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. Electronic address: [e-mail].,NMR Research Center , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 , India.,From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada and.,Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. [e-mail].,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Protein Structure, Function and Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. [e-mail].,Laboratory of Genetics and Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100085, China.,Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [e-mail].,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Institutionen för Kemi, Kemiskt Biologiskt Centrum, Umeå Universitet, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. [e-mail].,Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated to the School of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 7661041, Israel. [e-mail].,Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. [e-mail].,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Biosciences Division, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain. [e-mail].,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Oblast 141700, Russia.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,INSERM UMR1163 Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,School of Biology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. [e-mail].,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 7857, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, College of Health and Human Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Japan.,National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China. [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,CRBM, "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Univ Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.,From the Departments of Chemistry and.,Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124, Parma, Italy. [e-mail].,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland. [e-mail].,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.,INRA, Unité MaIAGE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas CEDEX, France.,Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044, Grenoble, France. [e-mail].,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China. [e-mail].,Crystal and Structural Chemistry Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Structural Biology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , Tennessee 38105 , United States.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, United states.,University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.,Chemical Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic; Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. [e-mail].,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,ISGlobal, Hospital-Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. [e-mail].,Therapeutic Target Discovery Branch, Division of Precision Medicine and Cancer Informatics, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, IMBA, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria.,Rudolf Virchow Centre for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute of Structural Biology , University of Wuerzburg , Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2 , D-97080 Wuerzburg , Germany.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, Zagreb, Croatia.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan. [e-mail].,Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Chemistry , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1, O-okayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan.,Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy.,From the Departments of Chemistry and [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria , British Columbia , Canada V8P 3P6.,Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx) Pty Ltd, Level 3, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; MecRX Pty Ltd, Level 9, 31 Queen Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Max Planck Laboratory, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. [e-mail].,Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, United states.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki , Noda , Chiba 278-8510 , Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, WC1N 1AX, London, United Kingdom.,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.

Macromolecules

Find similar proteins by: Sequence  |  Structure

Entity ID: 1
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	A, B, C, D	440	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: NOS3 EC: 1.14.13.39
Find proteins for P29474 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: NOS3 Go to UniProtKB:  P29474

Small Molecules

Ligands 8 Unique
ID	Chains	Name / Formula / InChI Key	2D Diagram & Interactions
ZN	A, C	ZINC ION Zn PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CL	A, B, C, D	CHLORIDE ION Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M
GOL	A, C	GLYCEROL GLYCERIN; PROPANE-1,2,3-TRIOL C3 H8 O3 PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
HEM	A, B, C, D	PROTOPORPHYRIN IX CONTAINING FE HEME C34 H32 Fe N4 O4 KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L
H4B	A, B, C, D	5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN C9 H15 N5 O3 FNKQXYHWGSIFBK-RPDRRWSUSA-N
GD	A, B, C, D	GADOLINIUM ATOM Gd UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BTB	A, B, C, D	2-[BIS-(2-HYDROXY-ETHYL)-AMINO]-2-HYDROXYMETHYL-PROPANE-1,3-DIOL BIS-TRIS BUFFER C8 H19 N O5 OWMVSZAMULFTJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
F2J	A, B, C, D	N-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indol-5-yl]thiophene-2-carboximidamide C18 H20 N4 S XLCWIOAUURXLIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Experimental Data & Validation

Experimental Data

• Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
• Resolution: 2.2 Å
• R-Value Free: 0.246 
• R-Value Work: 0.189 
• Space Group: P 1 2₁ 1

Unit Cell:

Length (Å)	Angle (°)
a = 59.789	α = 90.00
b = 152.579	β = 90.81
c = 108.690	γ = 90.00

Software Package:

Software Name	Purpose
XDS	data reduction
Aimless	data scaling
PHENIX	refinement
PHASER	phasing

Structure Validation

Entry History & Funding Information

Deposition Data

• Deposited Date: 2018-02-23 
• Released Date: 2018-10-31 
• Deposition Author(s): Chreifi, G., Li, H., Poulos, T.L.

---

Funding Organization	Location	Grant Number
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS)	United States	GM57353

Revision History 

• Version 1.0: 2018-10-31
  Type: Initial release
• Version 1.1: 2018-11-07
  Type: Data collection, Database references
• Version 1.2: 2018-11-21
  Type: Data collection, Database references
• Version 1.3: 2019-02-20
  Type: Author supporting evidence, Data collection
• Version 1.4: 2020-01-01
  Type: Author supporting evidence