Biological Assembly 1  

 3D View: Structure | Electron Density | Ligand Interaction

Standalone Viewers  
Protein Workshop | Ligand Explorer

Global Symmetry: Cyclic - C2  (3D View)
Global Stoichiometry: Homo 2-mer - A2 

Biological assembly 1 assigned by authors and generated by PISA (software)

Biological Assembly 2  

 3D View: Structure | Electron Density | Ligand Interaction

Standalone Viewers  
Protein Workshop | Ligand Explorer

Global Symmetry: Cyclic - C2  (3D View)
Global Stoichiometry: Homo 2-mer - A2 

Biological assembly 2 assigned by authors and generated by PISA (software)

Macromolecule Content

• Total Structure Weight: 205044.70 
• Atom Count: 13368 
• Residue Count: 1760 
• Unique protein chains: 1

6AV7

Structure of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase heme domain in complex with HW69

• DOI: 10.2210/pdb6AV7/pdb

• Classification: OXIDOREDUCTASE
• Organism(s): Homo sapiens
• Expression System: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)


• Deposited: 2017-09-01 Released: 2018-07-11 
• Deposition Author(s): Li, H., Poulos, T.L.
• Funding Organization(s): National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences 

---

Experimental Data Snapshot

• Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
• Resolution: 1.916 Å
• R-Value Free: 0.254 
• R-Value Work: 0.204 

Literature

Improvement of Cell Permeability of Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors Using Potent and Selective 2-Aminopyridine-Based Scaffolds with a Fluorobenzene Linker.

Do, H.T., Wang, H.Y., Li, H., Chreifi, G., Poulos, T.L., Silverman, R.B.

(2017) J. Med. Chem. 60: 9360-9375

• PubMed: 29091437 
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01356
• Primary Citation of Related Structures:  
  6AV6, 6AV5, 6AV4, 6AV3, 6AV2, 6AV1, 6AV0, 6AUZ, 6AUY, 6AUX, 6AUW, 6AUV, 6AUU, 6AUT, 6AUS, 6AUR, 6AUQ


• PubMed Abstract: 
  

Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is a promising therapeutic approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we have achieved considerable progress in improving the potency and isoform selectivity of human nNOS inhibitors bearing a 2-aminopyridine scaffold. However, these inhibitors still suffered from too low cell membrane permeability to enter into CNS drug development. We report herein our studies to improve permeability of nNOS inhibitors as measured by both PAMPA-BBB and Caco-2 assays. The most permeable compound (12) in this study still preserves excellent potency with human nNOS (K _i = 30 nM) and very high selectivity over other NOS isoforms, especially human eNOS (hnNOS/heNOS = 2799, the highest hnNOS/heNOS ratio we have obtained to date). X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that 12 adopts a similar binding mode in both rat and human nNOS, in which the 2-aminopyridine and the fluorobenzene linker form crucial hydrogen bonds with glutamate and tyrosine residues, respectively.

---

Organizational Affiliation: 

Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, 569-8686 Osaka, Japan; [e-mail].,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. [e-mail].,Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 600, Yishan Road, 200233 Shanghai, PRC.,Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Ave. , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA.,Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520.,Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7BN Oxford, United Kingdom [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 114-96, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Center of Biomedical Analysis, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842; [e-mail].,Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [e-mail].,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.,SB RAS International Tomography Center, 3a Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Bruker Biospin, 61 Daggett Dr, San Jose, CA 95134, USA.,Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; Center for Biological Imaging, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, 100083, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center Inc., 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.,Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7BN Oxford, United Kingdom.,Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Biodiversity Research Center and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.,Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,EN-FIST Center of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. [e-mail].,College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China. [e-mail].,Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen (CBIB), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Biomedical Department, Mitsui Knowledge Industry Co., Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, China.,Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Max Planck Institute for Biophysics, Department of Structural Biology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, H4A 3T2, QC, Canada.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan.,Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States.,Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland.,Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas , Universidade Estadual Paulista , Rua Cristóvão Colombo , 2265 São José do Rio Preto , Brazil.,GlaxoSmithKline , 1250 South Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426-0989 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QU , United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, 30623, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany; [e-mail].,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Chichester II, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, England.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520.,Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. [e-mail].,From Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands [e-mail].,i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,QB3/Chemistry Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Division of Life Science , Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong , China.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.,Institute of Molecular Enzymology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA.,Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. [e-mail].,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park , Cambridge CB4 0QA , U.K.,Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Ave. , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . Email: [e-mail] ; ; Tel: [phone].,Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States.,Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Tehran 15418, Iran.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Germany. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,UCLA-U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, 569-8686 Osaka, Japan.,Northeastern Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States.,Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, 567-0047 Osaka, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; [e-mail].,Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Japan.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Uruguay.,Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, NE-CAT, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 114-96, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine , University of California Riverside , 900 University Avenue , Riverside , California 92521 , United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158.,Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA [e-mail].,From the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, [e-mail].,Department of Molecular Biosciences , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States.,Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA. [e-mail].,Multi-discipline Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. [e-mail].,Amgen Research, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. [e-mail].,Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative , Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258) , 1 rue Laurent Fries , 67404 Illkirch Cedex , France.,Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, WA 98109.,The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 100005 Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, 94158, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. [e-mail] [e-mail].,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.,Vironika LLC, 3624 Market Street, Ste 5E, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal [e-mail] [e-mail].,Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh.,Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, ZhangJiang Lab, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201210 Shanghai, China.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. [e-mail] [e-mail].,Protein Crystal Analysis Division, Structure Analysis Promotion Group, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-gun, 679-5198 Hyogo, Japan.,From Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Macromoleculers, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.,Georg August University School of Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,The Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, The University of Oxford, OX3 7BN Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Molecular Enzymology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China. [e-mail].,Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, The National Clinical Key Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.,Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 84800 Villejuif, France.,Advanced Photon Technology Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, 679-5148 Hyogo, Japan.,Radioisotope Center, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.,Newcastle University, United Kingdom.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. [e-mail].,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation.,Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Disease, Institute of Infection & Immunity, UHW Main Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , 229A Choppin Hall , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, 91010, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Core Facility, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand.,Amgen Research, Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.,Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Heidelberg University Biochemistry Centre, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: [e-mail].,NMR Research Center, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.,Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China.,National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan; Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.,Department of Anatomy and Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China.,Wockhardt Research Centre , Aurangabad , India.,Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, PATH's Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington, DC 20001, USA.,Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-1085, MI, USA.,National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100101 Beijing, China.,Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France.,School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, 116034, Dalian, China. [e-mail].,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and.,Ubiquitin Signalling Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Centre (MLZ), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, China.,Johns Hopkins University, United States.,Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, 94158, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Amgen Research, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., 7990 Enterprise Street, Burnaby, BC V5A 1V7, Canada.,Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. [e-mail].,Kinetic Discovery Ltd, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA. [e-mail].,Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,NMR of Biomolecules Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA. [e-mail].,Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.,Diseases of the Developing World, Global Health, GlaxoSmithKline, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille , Université de Lille , F-59000 Lille , France.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Dipartimento di Chimica , Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico , Universita' degli Studi di Firenze , Via della Lastruccia 3, 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Firenze , Italy.,Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States.,Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR 9004 du CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 15 Rue René Descartes , 67084 Strasbourg Cedex , France.,Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-7015, USA.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Marseille, France.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.,From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 [e-mail].,The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 473 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA. [e-mail].,Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.,Department of Medicine , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2H7.,School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,IMCA-CAT , Hauptman Woodward Medical Research Institute , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 435A , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France.,Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales , UPR5301 , CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes , 601 rue de la Chimie , F38041 Grenoble , France.,Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.,Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. [e-mail].,Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, MOE Key Laboratory for Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. [e-mail].,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. [e-mail] and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,From the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Land and Water Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, and.,Department of Biology, NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.,Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Ave. , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . Email: [e-mail] ; ; Tel: [phone].,Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America.,Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. [e-mail].,Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine California 92697-3900, United States.,Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20037, United States.,Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States.,Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , 1-5 Shimogamohangi-Cho, Sakyo-Ku , 606-0823 Kyoto , Japan.,The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primates Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 100005 Beijing, China; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Av. Antônio Carlos , 6627 Belo Horizonte , Brazil.,Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, C3BI, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, CNRS USR3756, Paris, France; NMR of Biomolecules Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.,CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. [e-mail].,Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA. [e-mail].,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Proteomics Centre, Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China.,Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520.,NB Health Laboratory Co. Ltd., Kita Ward Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan.,Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan. [e-mail].,Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520.,Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University , Cairns 4870, Queensland Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China. [e-mail].,Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158.,Center for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo 121205, Russia; Waksman Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123182, Russia.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, SC, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States.,Center for translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging , University of Denver , Denver , Colorado 80208 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, 27157, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Hubei Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center, Hubei Cancer Hospital, 430071 Wuhan, China.,Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (MOLPROF), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan.,Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, United States.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.,Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China. [e-mail].,Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.,Center for Life Nano Science @ Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, V.le Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy.,NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Cornell University, Argonne, 60439, IL, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Cell Signalling Unit, p53 Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2H7.,Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 13, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, 10 East Xibeiwang Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Platform for Drug Discovery, Informatics, and Structural Life Science, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China. [e-mail].,Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, CNRS-UMR 8229, Collège De France , Université Pierre et Marie Curie , 11 place Marcelin Berthelot , 75231 Paris Cedex 05 , France.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, China; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea.,From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Oe-Honmachi, Kumamoto, Japan.,Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, and.,Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada. [e-mail].,Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 13, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK; Structural Biology and Biophysics Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED, Via Bandiera, 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy.,JST, the Strategic Basic Research Program, Membrane Protein Crystallography Project, Kyoto, Japan. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.,Heidelberg University Biochemistry Centre, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Germany.,SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Research Service , Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , 10701 East Boulevard , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States.,Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom; [e-mail].,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. [e-mail] [e-mail].,Centre de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, University Montpellier, UMR5237, 34090 Montpellier, France.,Beryllium Discovery Corp., Bainbridge Island, WA 98110.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Russ Berrie Pavilion, Columbia University Medical Center, 1150 St Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center , University of Kansas , 2034 Becker Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States.,Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China. [e-mail].,Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Nanjing Foreign Language School, 210046 Nanjing, China.,Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.,Department of Biology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada V2N 4Z9.,From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and [e-mail].,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , 789 South Limestone Street , Lexington , Kentucky 40536 , United States.,Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Grange Castle Business Park, Dublin D22, Ireland.,Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730 Beijing, China.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysiscs, Polish Academy of Science, Laboratory of Biological NMR, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Argonne, IL 60439, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. [e-mail].,UMR8576 CNRS-USTL, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France.,Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 34293 Montpellier, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College Street, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and [e-mail].,Trace Element Analysis Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7.,Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 12 201 Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK.,Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30302-3965.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, 91010, CA, USA.,R&D, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , Industriepark Höchst Building G838, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.,Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,CREST , Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi , 332-0012 Saitama , Japan.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, C3BI, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, CNRS USR3756, Paris, France.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Germany; Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,From the Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea, [e-mail].,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4 , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, Grenoble, France. [e-mail].,Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QR , United Kingdom.,N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 9 Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, 569-8686 Osaka, Japan.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research , 455 Main Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, United States.,The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. [e-mail] [e-mail].,From the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, 19-1, 8-chome Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 650118 Kunming, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom; The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada [e-mail].,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.,Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Richmond , Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, 100083, Beijing, China.,Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran.,University of Wyoming School of Pharmacy, 1000 E. University Ave., HS 596, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8P 5C2, BC, Canada.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30302-3965.,Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China.,Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Universidad de La Rioja, La Rioja, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. [e-mail].,Verma and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.,F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo at São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.,Multi-discipline Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. [e-mail].,Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden. [e-mail].,California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.,National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, 116 Myongjiro, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA.,Research Service , Atlanta VA Medical Center , Decatur , Georgia 30033 , United States.,Physics Department, and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287.,Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Universität Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China.,Unité Dynamique Structurale des Macromolécules, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3528, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France.,Neurimmune AG, Wagistrasse 13, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand, [e-mail].,From Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 and [e-mail].,Expression Génétique Microbienne , UMR 8261, CNRS, Université Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique , 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , 75005 Paris , France.,Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA. [e-mail].,Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,School of Life Sciences (KNU Creative BioResearch Group), KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.,Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [e-mail] [e-mail].,University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Lab, Harwell, Oxford OX11 0FA, United Kingdom.,Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,From Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 and.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences , University of California Riverside , 900 University Avenue , Riverside , California 92521 , United States.,Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080, USA.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109.,From the Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea.,From the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, 19-1, 8-chome Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan, [e-mail].,Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30302-3965.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Multidisciplinary Research Building, 2030 Becker Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States.,Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, SC, USA.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland. [e-mail].,Reagents and Assay Development, Mechanistic Biology and Profiling, and Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 89, Sweden.,Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520.,Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. [e-mail].,Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. [e-mail].,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Center for translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,Physics, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5641 Medical Science Building II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520.,NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.,The Art of Discovery, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. [e-mail].,Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730 Beijing, China; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ann Arbor, 48109-1085, MI, USA.,Biology Department, Calibr at Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0654, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Tsinghua University Affiliated High School, 100084 Beijing, China.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America.,The Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Rd , Lower Hutt , 5010 , New Zealand.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , University of Münster , Corrensstraße 48 , 48149 Münster , Germany.,Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; [e-mail].,Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K. [e-mail].,The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Land and Water Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, and [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-1085, MI, USA. [e-mail].,Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.,Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8Z 7X8, BC, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Berne , Freiestrasse 3 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland . Email: [e-mail].,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and [e-mail].,Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany.,Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. [e-mail] [e-mail].,JST, the Strategic Basic Research Program, Membrane Protein Crystallography Project, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, 10 East Xibeiwang Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China, [e-mail].,Chemistry Department, Western Washington University, 516 High St., Bellingham, WA 98225-9150, USA.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, Grenoble, France.,Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.,Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Amgen Research, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.,School of Biosciences, Medicines Discovery Institute, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer R&D, Grange Castle Business Park, Dublin D22, Ireland [e-mail].,Structural Parasitology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 110067 New Delhi, India.,Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Bio-inspired Solar Energy Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada.,Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Université de Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, 59000 Lille, France.,School of Biology, Centers for Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30302-3965.,Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA. [e-mail].,Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China. [e-mail].,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, [e-mail].,Medicinal Chemistry, Translational Sciences, Bioscience, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 89, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , Logan , Utah 84322 , United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Unité Récepteurs-canaux, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3571, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France.,JST, the Strategic Basic Research Program, Membrane Protein Crystallography Project, Kyoto, Japan. [e-mail].,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Unité Dynamique Structurale des Macromolécules, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3528, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France; [e-mail].,National Leading Research Laboratory of Drug Resistance Proteomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, 116 Myongjiro, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. [e-mail].,Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology , University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States.,The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK.,Amgen Research, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China. [e-mail].,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. [e-mail].,Quantum Tessera Consulting LLC, 508 Tawnyberry Lane, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, PO Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.,Research Complex at Harwell , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX , United Kingdom.,Macromolecular Crystallography, Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. [e-mail].,Synchrotron Radiation Research Section Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Salud , Universidad del Valle , Calle 4B No. 36-00 Cali , Colombia.,Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Translational Science Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458.,Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , New York 10461 , United States.,Center for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo 121205, Russia.,From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.,Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK. Electronic address: [e-mail].,MiraBiologics Inc., Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,NMR of Biomolecules Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France; Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Macromoleculers, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA. [e-mail].,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.,The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Macromoleculers, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; Hisun Pharmaceutical (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, 311404 Hangzhou, China; Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071 Qingdao, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, 32827, FL, USA.,University of Sussex, Arundel Building, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, England.,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Macromoleculers, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas , Universidade de São Paulo , Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes , 1374 São Paulo , Brazil.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Platform for Drug Discovery, Informatics, and Structural Life Science, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. [e-mail].,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK; (e)Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.,Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS UPR9080 , Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique , 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , 75005 Paris , France.

Macromolecules

Find similar proteins by: Sequence  |  Structure

Entity ID: 1
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	A, B, C, D	440	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: NOS3 EC: 1.14.13.39
Find proteins for P29474 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: NOS3 Go to UniProtKB:  P29474

Small Molecules

Ligands 8 Unique
ID	Chains	Name / Formula / InChI Key	2D Diagram & Interactions
ZN	A, C	ZINC ION Zn PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CL	A, B, C, D	CHLORIDE ION Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M
GOL	A, C	GLYCEROL GLYCERIN; PROPANE-1,2,3-TRIOL C3 H8 O3 PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
HEM	A, B, C, D	PROTOPORPHYRIN IX CONTAINING FE HEME C34 H32 Fe N4 O4 KABFMIBPWCXCRK-RGGAHWMASA-L
H4B	A, B, C, D	5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN C9 H15 N5 O3 FNKQXYHWGSIFBK-RPDRRWSUSA-N
GD	A, B, C, D	GADOLINIUM ATOM Gd UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BTB	A, B, C, D	2-[BIS-(2-HYDROXY-ETHYL)-AMINO]-2-HYDROXYMETHYL-PROPANE-1,3-DIOL BIS-TRIS BUFFER C8 H19 N O5 OWMVSZAMULFTJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
W69	A, B, C, D	6-(2-{3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-5-fluorophenyl}ethyl)-4-methylpyridin-2-amine C19 H26 F N3 QAFLXFWRGFNYKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Experimental Data & Validation

Experimental Data

• Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
• Resolution: 1.916 Å
• R-Value Free: 0.254 
• R-Value Work: 0.204 
• Space Group: P 1 2₁ 1

Unit Cell:

Length (Å)	Angle (°)
a = 59.445	α = 90.00
b = 152.355	β = 90.79
c = 108.655	γ = 90.00

Software Package:

Software Name	Purpose
Aimless	data scaling
REFMAC	phasing
XDS	data reduction
PHENIX	refinement

Structure Validation

Entry History & Funding Information

Deposition Data

• Deposited Date: 2017-09-01 
• Released Date: 2018-07-11 
• Deposition Author(s): Li, H., Poulos, T.L.

---

Funding Organization	Location	Grant Number
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences	United States	GM57353

Revision History 

• Version 1.0: 2018-07-11
  Type: Initial release
• Version 1.1: 2019-02-20
  Type: Author supporting evidence, Data collection