REFINED 2.3 ANGSTROMS X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BOVINE THROMBIN COMPLEXES FORMED WITH THE BENZAMIDINE AND ARGININE-BASED THROMBIN INHIBITORS NAPAP, 4-TAPAP AND MQPA: A STARTING POINT FOR IMPROVING ANTITHROMBOTICS
Refined 2.3 A X-ray crystal structure of bovine thrombin complexes formed with the benzamidine and arginine-based thrombin inhibitors NAPAP, 4-TAPAP and MQPA. A starting point for improving antithrombotics.
Primary Citation of Related Structures: 1ETT, 1ETS, 1ETR
PubMed Abstract:
Well-diffracting crystals of bovine epsilon-thrombin in complex with several "non-peptidic" benzamidine and arginine-based thrombin inhibitors have been obtained by co-crystallization. The 2.3 A crystal structures of three complexes formed either with NAPAP, 4-TAPAP, or MQPA, were solved by Patterson search methods and refined to crystallographic R-values of 0 ...
Well-diffracting crystals of bovine epsilon-thrombin in complex with several "non-peptidic" benzamidine and arginine-based thrombin inhibitors have been obtained by co-crystallization. The 2.3 A crystal structures of three complexes formed either with NAPAP, 4-TAPAP, or MQPA, were solved by Patterson search methods and refined to crystallographic R-values of 0.167 to 0.178. The active-site environment of thrombin is only slightly affected by binding of the different inhibitors; in particular, the exposed "60-insertion loop" essentially maintains its typical projecting structure. The D-stereoisomer of NAPAP and the L-stereoisomer of MQPA bind to thrombin with very similar conformations, as previously inferred from their binding to bovine trypsin; the arginine side-chain of the latter inserts into the specificity pocket in a "non-canonical" manner. The L-stereoisomer of 4-TAPAP, whose binding geometry towards trypsin was only poorly defined, is bound to the thrombin active-site in a compact conformation. In contrast to NAPAP, the distal p-amidino/guanidino groups of 4-TAPAP and MQPA do not interact with the carboxylate group of Asp189 in the thrombin specificity pocket in a "symmetrical" twin N-twin O manner, but through "lateral" single N-twin O contacts; in contrast to the p-amidino group of 4-TAPAP, however, the guanidyl group of MQPA packs favourably in the pocket due to an elaborate hydrogen bond network, which includes two entrapped water molecules. These thrombin structures confirm previous conclusions of the important role of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed with Gly216, and of the good sterical fit of the terminal bulky hydrophobic inhibitor groups with the hydrophobic aryl binding site and the S2-cavity, respectively, for tight thrombin active site binding of these non-peptidic inhibitors. These accurate crystal structures are presumed to be excellent starting points for the design and the elaboration of improved antithrombotics.
Related Citations:
Crystallographic Determination of Thrombin Complexes with Small Synthetic Inhibitors as a Starting Point for the Receptor-Based Design of Antithrombotics Bode, W., Brandstetter, H., Turk, D., Bauer, M., Stuerzebecher, J. () To be published --: --
X-Ray Crystal Structure of Thrombin in Complex with D-Phe-Pro-Arg and with Small Benzamidine and Arginine-Based "Non-Peptidic" Inhibitors Bode, W. () To be published --: --
The Refined 1.9-Angstroms X-Ray Crystal Structure of D-Phe-Pro-Arg Chloromethylketone-Inhibited Human Alpha-Thrombin: Structure Analysis, Overall Structure, Electrostatic Properties, Detailed Active-Site Geometry, and Structure-Function Relationships Bode, W., Turk, D., Karshikov, A. (1992) Protein Sci 1: 426
Geometry of Binding of the Nalpha-Tosylated Piperidides of M-Amidino-, P-Amidino-and P-Guanidino Phenylalanine to Thrombin and Trypsin: X-Ray Crystal Structures of Their Trypsin Complexes and Modeling of Their Thrombin Complexes Turk, D., Stuerzebecher, J., Bode, W. (1991) FEBS Lett 287: 133
Geometry of Binding of the Benzamidine-and Arginine-Based Inhibitors N-Alpha-(2-Naphthyl-Sulphonyl-Glycyl)-Dl-P-Amidinophenylalanyl-Piperidine (Napap) and (2R,4R)-4-Methyl-1-[N-Alpha-(3-Methyl-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-8-Quinolinesulphonyl)-L-Arginyl]-2-Piperidine Carboxylic Acid (Mqpa) to Human Alpha-Thrombin: X-Ray Crystallographic Determination of the Napap-Trypsin Complex and Modeling of Napap-Thrombin and Mqpa-Thrombin Bode, W., Turk, D., Stuerzebecher, J. (1990) Eur J Biochem 193: 175
The Refined 1.9 Angstroms Crystal Structure of Human Alpha-Thrombin: Interaction with D-Phe-Pro-Arg Chloromethylketone and Significance of the Tyr-Pro-Pro-Trp Insertion Segment Bode, W., Mayr, I., Baumann, U., Huber, R., Stone, S.R., Hofsteenge, J. (1989) EMBO J 8: 3467
Organizational Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.
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