8SIN | pdb_00008sin

KCNQ1 with voltage sensor in the down conformation

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations
Membrane Protein Annotation: OPM
Membrane Protein Annotation: PDBTM
Membrane Protein Annotation: MemProtMD
Membrane Protein Annotation: mpstruc

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
H	SCOP2B Superfamily	EF-hand	8033438	3001983	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
F	SCOP2B Superfamily	EF-hand	8033438	3001983	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
D	SCOP2B Superfamily	EF-hand	8033438	3001983	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	EF-hand	8033438	3001983	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
B, D, F, H	PF13499	EF-hand domain pair (EF-hand_7)	EF-hand domain pair		Domain
A, C, E, G	PF07885	Ion channel (Ion_trans_2)	Ion channel	-	Family
A, C, E, G	PF00520	Ion transport protein (Ion_trans)	Ion transport protein	-	Family

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
B, D, F, H	Calmodulin-1	cytoskeletal protein binding titin binding protein binding binding enzyme regulator activity protein phosphatase activator activity enzyme activator activity phosphatase activator activity molecular function activator activity phosphatase regulator activity molecular function regulator activity protein phosphatase regulator activity channel regulator activity ion channel regulator activity cytoskeletal protein binding titin binding protein binding binding enzyme regulator activity protein phosphatase activator activity enzyme activator activity phosphatase activator activity molecular function activator activity phosphatase regulator activity molecular function regulator activity protein phosphatase regulator activity channel regulator activity ion channel regulator activity calcium channel regulator activity transporter regulator activity molecular function inhibitor activity transporter inhibitor activity calcium channel inhibitor activity ion channel inhibitor activity channel inhibitor activity cyclase regulator activity cyclase activator activity adenylate cyclase regulator activity adenylate cyclase activator activity protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity kinase activator activity protein kinase activator activity protein kinase regulator activity kinase regulator activity cation binding ion binding calcium ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding transmembrane transporter binding kinase binding enzyme binding protein kinase binding calcium-dependent protein binding	organelle localization by membrane tethering localization organelle localization cellular process membrane docking heart process multicellular organismal process system process regulation of biological process regulation of heart contraction regulation of system process biological regulation circulatory system process regulation of blood circulation organelle localization by membrane tethering localization organelle localization cellular process membrane docking heart process multicellular organismal process system process regulation of biological process regulation of heart contraction regulation of system process biological regulation circulatory system process regulation of blood circulation regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of biological quality heart contraction blood circulation regulation of heart rate regulation of localization regulation of calcium ion transport negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity regulation of cellular process negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity intracellular calcium ion homeostasis negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity negative regulation of transport calcium ion transport negative regulation of cation transmembrane transport monoatomic cation homeostasis monoatomic cation transport intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol regulation of monoatomic ion transport establishment of localization maintenance of location transmembrane transport regulation of molecular function release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol regulation of transmembrane transport chemical homeostasis negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport cellular localization inorganic ion homeostasis transport homeostatic process negative regulation of monoatomic ion transport monoatomic ion transmembrane transport positive regulation of biological process regulation of transmembrane transporter activity calcium ion homeostasis regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport negative regulation of sequestering of calcium ion negative regulation of transmembrane transport metal ion transport maintenance of location in cell regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport monoatomic cation transmembrane transport positive regulation of sequestering of calcium ion negative regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport negative regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis negative regulation of cellular process monoatomic ion homeostasis monoatomic ion transport intracellular chemical homeostasis regulation of metal ion transport regulation of sequestering of calcium ion positive regulation of cellular process calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol regulation of transport sequestering of calcium ion negative regulation of transporter activity negative regulation of molecular function negative regulation of calcium ion transport cellular homeostasis regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport calcium ion transmembrane transport response to stimulus response to metal ion response to chemical response to calcium ion sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ion transport release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by endoplasmic reticulum regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity cellular component disassembly catabolic process protein-containing complex organization macroautophagy autophagy protein-containing complex disassembly cellular component organization autophagosome maturation autophagosome membrane docking metabolic process cellular component organization or biogenesis process utilizing autophagic mechanism cellular response to interferon-beta response to peptide response to interferon-beta response to cytokine cellular response to cytokine stimulus regulation of cytokinesis regulation of cell cycle process cytokinesis regulation of cell division cell division cell cycle regulation of cell cycle cell cycle process cellular response to stimulus cardiac muscle contraction intracellular signal transduction cell communication intracellular signaling cassette signal transduction regulation of cardiac muscle contraction muscle contraction regulation of striated muscle contraction calcium-mediated signaling regulation of muscle contraction signaling regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion striated muscle contraction regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling muscle system process regulation of muscle system process mitochondrion-endoplasmic reticulum membrane tethering import into cell presynaptic endocytosis vesicle-mediated transport vesicle-mediated transport in synapse establishment of localization in cell endocytosis cell cycle G2/M phase transition mitotic cell cycle process G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle cell cycle phase transition mitotic cell cycle mitotic cell cycle phase transition cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction cell communication by electrical coupling regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction cardiac conduction regulation of cell communication cell communication involved in cardiac conduction regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling export across plasma membrane negative regulation of calcium ion export across plasma membrane regulation of calcium ion export across plasma membrane calcium ion export across plasma membrane export from cell biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms immune response response to other organism defense response response to type II interferon defense response to symbiont response to external stimulus cellular response to type II interferon response to biotic stimulus immune system process defense response to other organism response to stress innate immune response response to external biotic stimulus calcineurin-mediated signaling developmental process head development animal organ development brain development nervous system development substantia nigra development multicellular organism development central nervous system development midbrain development anatomical structure development neural nucleus development system development positive regulation of cell communication cell surface receptor signaling pathway via STAT positive regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT positive regulation of response to stimulus regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT regulation of signaling cell surface receptor signaling pathway regulation of response to stimulus regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT positive regulation of signaling regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of calcium-mediated signaling regulation of action potential regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential action potential cardiac muscle cell action potential regulation of membrane potential G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway modulation of chemical synaptic transmission long-term synaptic potentiation synaptic signaling regulation of synaptic plasticity trans-synaptic signaling cell-cell signaling positive regulation of synaptic transmission chemical synaptic transmission regulation of trans-synaptic signaling anterograde trans-synaptic signaling detection of stimulus detection of chemical stimulus detection of calcium ion	intracellular organelle cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoskeleton spindle organelle membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle spindle pole microtubule cytoskeleton cytoplasm cytosol membrane-bounded organelle cell projection intracellular organelle cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoskeleton spindle organelle membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle spindle pole microtubule cytoskeleton cytoplasm cytosol membrane-bounded organelle cell projection sperm midpiece cilium 9+2 motile cilium sperm flagellum motile cilium plasma membrane bounded cell projection protein-containing complex transmembrane transporter complex membrane membrane protein complex cation channel complex transporter complex calcium channel complex monoatomic ion channel complex axon synapse neuron projection axon terminus presynapse distal axon calyx of Held cell junction neuron projection terminus sarcomere contractile muscle fiber supramolecular fiber myofibril supramolecular polymer supramolecular complex myelin sheath vesicle centrosome microtubule organizing center cytosolic region presynaptic cytosol cell periphery plasma membrane catalytic complex nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nucleoplasm organelle lumen nuclear lumen voltage-gated potassium channel complex plasma membrane protein complex potassium channel complex extracellular region polymeric cytoskeletal fiber spindle microtubule microtubule
A, C, E, G	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1	monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity gated channel activity monoatomic ion channel activity potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity voltage-gated channel activity voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity potassium channel activity voltage-gated monoatomic cation channel activity monoatomic cation channel activity passive transmembrane transporter activity voltage-gated potassium channel activity channel activity monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity transporter activity metal ion transmembrane transporter activity monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity gated channel activity monoatomic ion channel activity potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity voltage-gated channel activity voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity potassium channel activity voltage-gated monoatomic cation channel activity monoatomic cation channel activity passive transmembrane transporter activity voltage-gated potassium channel activity channel activity monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity transporter activity metal ion transmembrane transporter activity transmembrane transporter activity voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization delayed rectifier potassium channel activity protein phosphatase binding phosphatase binding protein phosphatase 1 binding protein binding binding enzyme binding calmodulin binding ubiquitin protein ligase binding ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding scaffold protein binding ion binding phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding anion binding phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate binding phospholipid binding lipid binding phosphatidylinositol phosphate binding phosphatidylinositol binding small molecule binding transmembrane transporter binding protein kinase A binding protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding kinase binding protein kinase binding outward rectifier potassium channel activity	developmental process ear development sensory organ development inner ear development cochlea development animal organ development anatomical structure development regulation of localization regulation of potassium ion transport regulation of cellular process negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity transport monoatomic ion transmembrane transport developmental process ear development sensory organ development inner ear development cochlea development animal organ development anatomical structure development regulation of localization regulation of potassium ion transport regulation of cellular process negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity transport monoatomic ion transmembrane transport negative regulation of monoatomic ion transport negative regulation of biological process potassium ion transmembrane transport regulation of transmembrane transporter activity negative regulation of transport regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport metal ion transport negative regulation of transmembrane transport monoatomic cation transmembrane transport localization negative regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport negative regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity negative regulation of cellular process monoatomic ion transport negative regulation of cation transmembrane transport monoatomic cation transport regulation of metal ion transport negative regulation of potassium ion transport regulation of biological process regulation of transport regulation of monoatomic ion transport biological regulation negative regulation of transporter activity negative regulation of molecular function negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport establishment of localization transmembrane transport regulation of molecular function regulation of transmembrane transport potassium ion transport cellular process regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport multicellular organismal process system process secretion digestive system process acid secretion gastric acid secretion digestion gastrin-induced gastric acid secretion heart process regulation of heart contraction regulation of system process positive regulation of biological process positive regulation of heart rate positive regulation of blood circulation positive regulation of heart contraction circulatory system process regulation of blood circulation positive regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of biological quality heart contraction blood circulation regulation of heart rate heart development multicellular organism development circulatory system development system development regulation of blood pressure monoatomic anion transport iodide transport inorganic anion transport corticosterone secretion signaling steroid hormone secretion organic hydroxy compound transport hormone secretion cell communication secretion by cell signal release regulation of hormone levels lipid localization export from cell cell-cell signaling lipid transport endocrine hormone secretion endocrine process lipid export from cell macromolecule localization hormone transport glucocorticoid secretion corticosteroid hormone secretion intestinal absorption cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization membrane repolarization regulation of membrane repolarization ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization regulation of membrane potential inner ear receptor cell development cellular developmental process epidermis development cell development epithelial cell differentiation hair cell differentiation neurogenesis neuron differentiation cell differentiation mechanoreceptor differentiation epithelium development epidermal cell differentiation inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation nervous system development tissue development inner ear receptor cell differentiation generation of neurons neuron development auditory receptor cell development monosaccharide metabolic process carbohydrate metabolic process hexose metabolic process small molecule metabolic process metabolic process primary metabolic process glucose metabolic process action potential membrane repolarization during action potential behavior rhythmic behavior renal system process renal absorption cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential cardiac muscle contraction striated muscle contraction actin filament-based process cardiac muscle cell contraction ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential actin filament-based movement muscle contraction muscle system process membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential cardiac muscle cell action potential actin-mediated cell contraction potassium ion homeostasis inorganic ion homeostasis chemical homeostasis homeostatic process monoatomic ion homeostasis monoatomic cation homeostasis sensory perception nervous system process sensory perception of sound sensory perception of mechanical stimulus hemopoiesis erythrocyte differentiation multicellular organismal-level homeostasis myeloid cell differentiation immune system process homeostasis of number of cells myeloid cell homeostasis erythrocyte homeostasis cellular response to stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus response to stimulus response to chemical cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus response to xenobiotic stimulus positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction positive regulation of striated muscle contraction regulation of cardiac muscle contraction regulation of muscle system process regulation of striated muscle contraction regulation of muscle contraction positive regulation of muscle contraction cardiac conduction regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction renal sodium ion transport renal sodium ion absorption sodium ion transport intracellular monoatomic anion homeostasis intracellular chloride ion homeostasis monoatomic anion homeostasis cellular homeostasis intracellular chemical homeostasis chloride ion homeostasis intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell signaling cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell communication cell communication involved in cardiac conduction atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential ear morphogenesis embryonic organ morphogenesis embryonic morphogenesis embryo development anatomical structure morphogenesis sensory organ morphogenesis inner ear morphogenesis animal organ morphogenesis embryonic organ development cellular response to nitrogen compound response to organophosphorus response to oxygen-containing compound response to nitrogen compound response to purine-containing compound response to cAMP cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to cAMP membrane repolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization export across plasma membrane potassium ion export across plasma membrane response to epinephrine cellular response to epinephrine stimulus organelle assembly plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization cell projection organization plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly cellular component biogenesis cellular component organization organelle organization cellular component assembly cilium assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis non-motile cilium assembly cilium organization cell projection assembly regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity negative regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity detection of external stimulus detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound response to mechanical stimulus response to external stimulus detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception detection of abiotic stimulus detection of stimulus detection of mechanical stimulus response to abiotic stimulus detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization adrenergic receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway signal transduction response to hormone response to endogenous stimulus response to peptide hormone response to insulin biological process involved in intraspecies interaction between organisms social behavior import into cell import across plasma membrane inorganic cation import across plasma membrane inorganic ion import across plasma membrane potassium ion import across plasma membrane regulation of gastric acid secretion regulation of digestive system process regulation of secretion positive regulation of cation transmembrane transport positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport positive regulation of transmembrane transport positive regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport positive regulation of cellular process positive regulation of potassium ion transport positive regulation of transport positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport digestive system development tube development digestive tract development stomach development	lumenal side of membrane cellular anatomical structure membrane side of membrane basal part of cell basolateral part of cell lateral part of cell intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol cell periphery plasma membrane basal plasma membrane plasma membrane region lumenal side of membrane cellular anatomical structure membrane side of membrane basal part of cell basolateral part of cell lateral part of cell intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol cell periphery plasma membrane basal plasma membrane plasma membrane region basolateral plasma membrane cell projection neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection somatodendritic compartment cell body neuronal cell body protein-containing complex transmembrane transporter complex membrane protein complex transporter complex monoatomic ion channel complex apical part of cell apical plasma membrane membrane microdomain membrane raft membrane-bounded organelle transport vesicle intracellular vesicle intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system intracellular organelle cytoplasmic vesicle organelle vesicle lytic vacuole vacuole lysosome voltage-gated potassium channel complex plasma membrane protein complex potassium channel complex cation channel complex cytoplasmic vesicle membrane vesicle membrane organelle membrane early endosome endosome late endosome ciliary base cilium endoplasmic reticulum

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
B, D, F, H	IPR002048	EF-hand domain	Domain
B, D, F, H	IPR050230	Calmodulin/Myosin light chain/Troponin C-like	Family
B, D, F, H	IPR018247	EF-Hand 1, calcium-binding site	Binding Site
B, D, F, H	IPR011992	EF-hand domain pair	Homologous Superfamily
A, C, E, G	IPR013821	Potassium channel, voltage dependent, KCNQ, C-terminal	Domain
A, C, E, G	IPR005827	Potassium channel, voltage dependent, KCNQ1	Family
A, C, E, G	IPR003937	Potassium channel, voltage dependent, KCNQ	Family
A, C, E, G	IPR005821	Ion transport domain	Domain
A, C, E, G	IPR027359	Voltage-dependent channel domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
B, D, F, H	Pharos: P0DP23	long QT syndrome catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Alzheimer disease long QT syndrome 14 cocaine abuse Weight Gain cannabis dependence cocaine dependence phencyclidine abuse catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 4 rheumatoid arthritis glioblastoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma large cell medulloblastoma lung adenocarcinoma long QT syndrome catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Alzheimer disease long QT syndrome 14 cocaine abuse Weight Gain cannabis dependence cocaine dependence phencyclidine abuse catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 4 rheumatoid arthritis glioblastoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma large cell medulloblastoma lung adenocarcinoma malignant colon neoplasm malignant pancreatic neoplasm astrocytic tumor myopathy osteosarcoma pituitary cancer Crohn disease primitive neuroectodermal tumor familial long QT syndrome schizophrenia lung cancer malignant ependymoma atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor nasopharyngeal carcinoma ovarian cancer catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 2 Pick disease plasma cell myeloma exocrine pancreatic carcinoma psoriasis sinusitis hepatocellular carcinoma ulcerative colitis lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma malignant glioma amyotrophic lateral sclerosis medulloblastoma breast cancer oligodendroglioma pilocytic astrocytoma
A, C, E, G	Pharos: P51787	long QT syndrome Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome short QT syndrome type 2 atrial fibrillation, familial, 3 familial atrial fibrillation type 2 diabetes mellitus granular cell carcinoma intestinal cancer tubular adenocarcinoma Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome 1 long QT syndrome 1 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome short QT syndrome Sudden infant death syndrome adenocarcinoma long QT syndrome Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome short QT syndrome type 2 atrial fibrillation, familial, 3 familial atrial fibrillation type 2 diabetes mellitus granular cell carcinoma intestinal cancer tubular adenocarcinoma Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome 1 long QT syndrome 1 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome short QT syndrome Sudden infant death syndrome adenocarcinoma short QT syndrome type 1 gastric carcinoma atrial fibrillation multiple sclerosis autosomal dominant cardiac arrhythmia (Kuhn) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma diabetes mellitus gestational diabetes heart disease intestinal neoplasm acquired metabolic disease lung adenocarcinoma atrial fibrillation, familial, 1 noise induced hearing loss cribriform carcinoma familial long QT syndrome gout hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome adrenal cortex carcinoma maturity-onset diabetes of the young cardiomyopathy cribriform carcinoma of breast tuberculosis esophageal adenocarcinoma

Membrane Protein Annotation: OPM OPM Database Homepage

Chains	External Link	Type	Class	Superfamily	Family
A, C, E, G	OPM	Transmembrane	Alpha-helical polytopic	Ion channel (VIC) superfamily	KCNQ voltage-gated potassium channel

Membrane Protein Annotation: PDBTM PDBTM Database Homepage

Chains	External Link	Comment
A, C, E, G	PDBTM	Annotated as membrane protein by PDBTM

Membrane Protein Annotation: MemProtMD MemProtMD Database Homepage

Chains	External Link	Comment
A, C, E, G	MemProtMD	Annotated as membrane protein by MemProtMD

Membrane Protein Annotation: mpstruc mpstruc Database Homepage

Chains	Resource Link	Group	Subgroup	Protein
A, C, E, G	mpstruc	TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS: ALPHA-HELICAL	Channels: Potassium, Sodium, & Proton Ion-Selective	KCNQ1 rectifier K⁺ channel in complex with CaM, up conformation

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.