Annotations: 8DH8

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
C	F_UNCLASSIFIED	e8dh8C1	A: alpha bundles	X: Ferritin/Heme oxygenase/4-helical cytokines	H: 4-helical cytokines (From Topology)	T: 4-helical cytokines	F: F_UNCLASSIFIED	ECOD (1.6)
B	F_UNCLASSIFIED	e8dh8B5	A: beta sandwiches	X: Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	H: Immunoglobulin-related	T: Immunoglobulin/Fibronectin type III/E set domains/PapD-like	F: F_UNCLASSIFIED	ECOD (1.6)
A	F_UNCLASSIFIED	e8dh8A5	A: beta sandwiches	X: Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	H: Immunoglobulin-related	T: Immunoglobulin/Fibronectin type III/E set domains/PapD-like	F: F_UNCLASSIFIED	ECOD (1.6)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
C	PF02024	Leptin (Leptin)	Leptin		Domain
A, B	PF00041	Fibronectin type III domain (fn3)	Fibronectin type III domain		Domain
A, B	PF18589	Obesity receptor immunoglobulin like domain (ObR_Ig)	Obesity receptor immunoglobulin like domain	This is the immunoglobulin-like domain (IGD) found in obesity receptors (ObR). ObR is a single membrane-spanning receptor belonging to the class I cytokine receptor family. All isoforms have an identical extracellular part consisting of six domains: ...	This is the immunoglobulin-like domain (IGD) found in obesity receptors (ObR). ObR is a single membrane-spanning receptor belonging to the class I cytokine receptor family. All isoforms have an identical extracellular part consisting of six domains: an N-terminal domain (NTD), two CRH domains (CRH1 and CRH2), an immunoglobulin-like domain (IGD), and two additional membrane-proximal fibronectin type III (FN III) domains. ObR activation depends on the CRH2, IGD, and FN III domains, however the CRH2 domain is the major leptin-binding determinant in the receptor. The IGD and membrane-proximal domains have no detectable affinity for the ligand, but are nonetheless indispensable for receptor activation. Deletion of the IGD results in a receptor with wild-type affinity for leptin, but completely devoid of biological activity [1-2].	Domain
A, B	PF06328	Ig-like C2-type domain (Lep_receptor_Ig)	Ig-like C2-type domain	This domain is a ligand-binding immunoglobulin-like domain [1]. The two cysteine residues form a disulphide bridge.	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
C	Leptin	DNA binding binding nucleic acid binding peptide hormone receptor binding protein binding signaling receptor binding hormone receptor binding hormone activity molecular function activator activity molecular function regulator activity signaling receptor regulator activity receptor ligand activity signaling receptor activator activity leptin receptor binding	developmental process multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal development regulation of biological process regulation of developmental process blood vessel morphogenesis tube development biological regulation angiogenesis vasculature development regulation of vasculature development circulatory system development anatomical structure morphogenesis multicellular organism development tube morphogenesis developmental process multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal development regulation of biological process regulation of developmental process blood vessel morphogenesis tube development biological regulation angiogenesis vasculature development regulation of vasculature development circulatory system development anatomical structure morphogenesis multicellular organism development tube morphogenesis regulation of angiogenesis anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis anatomical structure development regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis blood vessel development system development fat cell differentiation regulation of cellular process cellular developmental process regulation of cell differentiation regulation of brown fat cell differentiation brown fat cell differentiation cell differentiation cellular process regulation of fat cell differentiation regulation of tube diameter system process regulation of tube size regulation of system process negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of vasoconstriction circulatory system process regulation of blood circulation vascular process in circulatory system regulation of vasoconstriction blood vessel diameter maintenance regulation of biological quality negative regulation of multicellular organismal process vasoconstriction blood circulation regulation of anatomical structure size carbohydrate metabolic process polyol metabolic process small molecule biosynthetic process glycerol biosynthetic process carbohydrate biosynthetic process alditol biosynthetic process primary metabolic process alcohol metabolic process glycerol metabolic process biosynthetic process polyol biosynthetic process alcohol biosynthetic process metabolic process small molecule metabolic process prostaglandin transport transport signaling cell communication localization secretion by cell monocarboxylic acid transport fatty acid transport icosanoid transport signal release prostaglandin secretion icosanoid secretion organic anion transport carboxylic acid transport secretion cell-cell signaling export from cell lipid localization lipid transport establishment of localization organic acid transport lipid export from cell macromolecule localization regulation of growth regulation of developmental growth developmental growth growth positive regulation of biological process positive regulation of developmental process positive regulation of growth positive regulation of developmental growth digestion intestinal absorption digestive system process cellular response to stimulus response to lipid response to stimulus response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound response to retinoic acid cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to retinoic acid response to chemical cellular response to lipid hemopoiesis cell activation cell development mononuclear cell differentiation lymphocyte activation lymphocyte differentiation leukocyte activation T cell activation immune system process T cell differentiation leukocyte differentiation regulation of localization regulation of protein localization protein localization to organelle regulation of protein localization to nucleus intracellular protein localization protein localization to nucleus positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signal transduction intracellular receptor signaling pathway regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of response to stimulus regulation of intracellular signal transduction signal transduction positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of cellular process regulation of signaling positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cell communication regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of signaling positive regulation of interleukin-8 production positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process cytokine production regulation of cytokine production positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process interleukin-8 production regulation of macromolecule metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process macromolecule metabolic process positive regulation of cytokine production regulation of metabolic process regulation of interleukin-8 production cell surface receptor signaling pathway via STAT cell surface receptor signaling pathway cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT regulation of protein modification process positive regulation of phosphorylation regulation of catalytic activity regulation of protein phosphorylation positive regulation of protein metabolic process regulation of transferase activity positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process positive regulation of molecular function positive regulation of protein modification process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process protein metabolic process positive regulation of protein kinase activity phosphorus metabolic process protein modification process positive regulation of protein phosphorylation protein phosphorylation positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process phosphorylation regulation of protein metabolic process positive regulation of catalytic activity regulation of protein kinase activity regulation of molecular function positive regulation of kinase activity activation of protein kinase C activity regulation of kinase activity activation of protein kinase activity macromolecule modification regulation of phosphorylation regulation of phosphorus metabolic process ovulation cycle process ovulation sexual reproduction reproductive process sex differentiation development of primary female sexual characteristics female gamete generation developmental process involved in reproduction gamete generation ovulation from ovarian follicle ovulation cycle development of primary sexual characteristics reproductive structure development rhythmic process gonad development reproductive system development female gonad development multicellular organismal reproductive process animal organ development female sex differentiation negative regulation of catabolic process catabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process autophagy regulation of catabolic process regulation of autophagy negative regulation of autophagy negative regulation of cellular process process utilizing autophagic mechanism response to cytokine cytokine-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to leptin stimulus cellular response to endogenous stimulus response to hormone cellular response to cytokine stimulus response to leptin cellular response to hormone stimulus leptin-mediated signaling pathway response to endogenous stimulus response to peptide response to nutrient levels response to nutrient response to vitamin E response to vitamin regulation of intestinal absorption lipid digestion regulation of digestive system process intestinal lipid absorption regulation of intestinal lipid absorption intestinal cholesterol absorption regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption RNA metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription nucleic acid biosynthetic process regulation of RNA metabolic process transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of leukocyte activation regulation of cell activation positive regulation of cell activation lymphocyte proliferation positive regulation of leukocyte activation regulation of immune system process positive regulation of immune system process regulation of leukocyte proliferation cell population proliferation positive regulation of T cell activation positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation positive regulation of T cell proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation mononuclear cell proliferation regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion leukocyte proliferation leukocyte cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of lymphocyte activation cell adhesion cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation regulation of cell-cell adhesion T cell proliferation regulation of lymphocyte proliferation positive regulation of cell adhesion regulation of cell adhesion regulation of T cell activation regulation of T cell proliferation regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation regulation of lymphocyte activation carbohydrate derivative metabolic process glycoprotein metabolic process elastin metabolic process regulation of response to nutrient levels negative regulation of response to food negative regulation of response to nutrient levels negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of appetite regulation of response to food response to food regulation of appetite positive regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process regulation of programmed cell death cell death positive regulation of apoptotic process regulation of fat cell apoptotic process positive regulation of fat cell apoptotic process fat cell apoptotic process apoptotic process programmed cell death circadian rhythm connective tissue development adipose tissue development tissue development fatty acid metabolic process lipid catabolic process oxoacid metabolic process carboxylic acid metabolic process lipid modification organic acid metabolic process organic acid catabolic process fatty acid catabolic process monocarboxylic acid catabolic process fatty acid oxidation carboxylic acid catabolic process fatty acid beta-oxidation monocarboxylic acid metabolic process lipid oxidation small molecule catabolic process lipid metabolic process negative regulation of programmed cell death negative regulation of apoptotic process response to activity behavior eating behavior feeding behavior organ growth skeletal system development bone growth bone development multicellular organismal-level homeostasis homeostatic process energy homeostasis regulation of interleukin-12 production interleukin-12 production positive regulation of interleukin-12 production secondary alcohol metabolic process sterol metabolic process steroid metabolic process cholesterol metabolic process regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion luteinizing hormone secretion regulation of hormone levels positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion regulation of secretion endocrine hormone secretion regulation of endocrine process regulation of hormone secretion gonadotropin secretion positive regulation of secretion by cell hormone secretion positive regulation of hormone secretion regulation of secretion by cell positive regulation of secretion positive regulation of gonadotropin secretion regulation of transport regulation of gonadotropin secretion endocrine process positive regulation of transport hormone transport reactive oxygen species metabolic process positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process lipoprotein modification regulation of lipoprotein oxidation lipoprotein metabolic process regulation of lipid metabolic process lipoprotein oxidation regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process lipoprotein lipid oxidation regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation regulation of immune effector process lymphocyte mediated immunity regulation of defense response regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity regulation of response to biotic stimulus biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms regulation of response to external stimulus response to biotic stimulus response to stress regulation of response to stress innate immune response leukocyte mediated immunity response to external biotic stimulus natural killer cell mediated immunity regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity immune response response to other organism defense response regulation of innate immune response regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity defense response to symbiont response to external stimulus leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity immune effector process regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity defense response to other organism natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity regulation of immune response regulation of cell killing cell killing lipid biosynthetic process regulation of lipid biosynthetic process follicle-stimulating hormone secretion positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion response to peptide hormone response to insulin response to nitrogen compound regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response cytokine production involved in inflammatory response inflammatory response p38MAPK cascade intracellular signaling cassette positive regulation of MAPK cascade regulation of MAPK cascade positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade regulation of p38MAPK cascade MAPK cascade regulation of cartilage development negative regulation of cartilage development negative regulation of developmental process cartilage development cellular response to nitrogen compound cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus cellular response to insulin stimulus regulation of tumor necrosis factor production positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production tumor necrosis factor production regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity regulation of oxidoreductase activity response to estradiol response to dietary excess leukocyte tethering or rolling leukocyte migration leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell cellular extravasation cell migration cell motility central nervous system neuron development nervous system development generation of neurons central nervous system neuron differentiation neurogenesis central nervous system development neuron differentiation neuron development regulation of blood pressure placenta development import into cell phagocytosis endocytosis vesicle-mediated transport positive regulation of TOR signaling TOR signaling regulation of TOR signaling negative regulation of appetite by leptin-mediated signaling pathway artery development aorta development response to L-ascorbic acid cellular response to nutrient levels cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus response to monosaccharide response to carbohydrate cellular response to vitamin cellular response to monosaccharide stimulus cellular response to nutrient cellular response to L-ascorbic acid lipid storage negative regulation of lipid localization regulation of lipid storage regulation of lipid localization negative regulation of lipid storage nutrient storage establishment of protein localization cellular localization nitrogen compound transport nucleocytoplasmic transport positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport nuclear transport positive regulation of establishment of protein localization positive regulation of protein transport import into nucleus regulation of protein import into nucleus establishment of localization in cell protein import into nucleus positive regulation of intracellular transport regulation of intracellular transport positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus regulation of establishment of protein localization positive regulation of protein import into nucleus intracellular transport regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport regulation of protein transport establishment of protein localization to organelle protein transport regulation of cellular localization positive regulation of protein localization regulation of intracellular protein transport positive regulation of intracellular protein transport intracellular protein transport bone maturation bone mineralization bone mineralization involved in bone maturation developmental maturation ossification anatomical structure maturation biomineral tissue development ossification involved in bone maturation animal organ maturation monosaccharide metabolic process hexose metabolic process glucose metabolic process positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation fibroblast activation regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation hepatic stellate cell activation insulin receptor signaling pathway regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway positive regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway regulation of peptide secretion protein localization to extracellular region peptide secretion amide transport regulation of peptide hormone secretion regulation of peptide transport establishment of protein localization to extracellular region protein secretion regulation of protein secretion peptide transport regulation of insulin secretion peptide hormone secretion insulin secretion response to decreased oxygen levels response to hypoxia response to oxygen levels response to abiotic stimulus hexose transmembrane transport D-glucose import carbohydrate transport negative regulation of transport negative regulation of transmembrane transport negative regulation of D-glucose import regulation of D-glucose import negative regulation of D-glucose transmembrane transport transmembrane transport regulation of transmembrane transport D-glucose transmembrane transport regulation of D-glucose transmembrane transport monosaccharide transmembrane transport carbohydrate transmembrane transport tissue remodeling regulation of bone remodeling bone remodeling regulation of tissue remodeling adult feeding behavior adult behavior chemical homeostasis glucose homeostasis carbohydrate homeostasis regulation of endothelial cell proliferation endothelial cell proliferation regulation of epithelial cell proliferation epithelial cell proliferation regulation of monoatomic ion transport positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport monoatomic ion transport regulation of steroid biosynthetic process regulation of steroid metabolic process steroid biosynthetic process gluconeogenesis regulation of small molecule metabolic process regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process regulation of glucose metabolic process monosaccharide biosynthetic process hexose biosynthetic process regulation of gluconeogenesis regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process multi-multicellular organism process female pregnancy multi-organism reproductive process bile acid metabolic process interleukin-6 production positive regulation of interleukin-6 production regulation of interleukin-6 production regulation of natural killer cell activation natural killer cell activation natural killer cell proliferation regulation of natural killer cell proliferation hormone metabolic process regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds energy reserve metabolic process generation of precursor metabolites and energy negative regulation of amino acid transport glutamine transport negative regulation of amine transport regulation of amino acid transport regulation of glutamine transport neutral amino acid transport amino acid transport amine transport negative regulation of glutamine transport negative regulation of organic acid transport regulation of organic acid transport regulation of amine transport response to alcohol response to ethanol adaptive thermogenesis regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis cold-induced thermogenesis temperature homeostasis positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis determination of adult lifespan muscle hypertrophy cardiac muscle hypertrophy striated muscle hypertrophy muscle system process positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT cell cycle regulation of cell cycle negative regulation of signaling glucagon secretion negative regulation of cell communication negative regulation of peptide secretion negative regulation of secretion regulation of glucagon secretion negative regulation of hormone secretion negative regulation of secretion by cell negative regulation of glucagon secretion negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion	cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol extracellular region extracellular space
A, B	Leptin receptor	molecular transducer activity transmembrane signaling receptor activity signaling receptor activity leptin receptor activity cytokine receptor activity immune receptor activity amide binding binding peptide hormone binding hormone binding	developmental process multicellular organismal process blood vessel morphogenesis tube development angiogenesis vasculature development circulatory system development anatomical structure morphogenesis multicellular organism development tube morphogenesis anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis anatomical structure development blood vessel development system development developmental process multicellular organismal process blood vessel morphogenesis tube development angiogenesis vasculature development circulatory system development anatomical structure morphogenesis multicellular organism development tube morphogenesis anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis anatomical structure development blood vessel development system development localization import into cell transport phagocytosis cellular process endocytosis establishment of localization vesicle-mediated transport cellular response to stimulus cell surface receptor signaling pathway via STAT regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process cell surface receptor signaling pathway response to stimulus signaling biological regulation cell communication signal transduction sexual reproduction reproductive process developmental growth growth animal organ development organ growth skeletal system development bone growth bone development multicellular organismal-level homeostasis homeostatic process energy homeostasis secondary alcohol metabolic process sterol metabolic process steroid metabolic process cholesterol metabolic process alcohol metabolic process small molecule metabolic process metabolic process primary metabolic process lipid metabolic process cellular developmental process hemopoiesis cell activation cell development mononuclear cell differentiation lymphocyte activation lymphocyte differentiation leukocyte activation T cell activation immune system process cell differentiation T cell differentiation leukocyte differentiation regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of biological process adaptive thermogenesis positive regulation of metabolic process regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis cold-induced thermogenesis temperature homeostasis positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis positive regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal process positive regulation of cellular process regulation of localization regulation of transport monosaccharide metabolic process carbohydrate metabolic process small molecule biosynthetic process carbohydrate biosynthetic process hexose metabolic process monosaccharide biosynthetic process gluconeogenesis hexose biosynthetic process biosynthetic process glucose metabolic process negative regulation of catabolic process catabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process autophagy negative regulation of biological process regulation of catabolic process regulation of autophagy negative regulation of autophagy negative regulation of cellular process process utilizing autophagic mechanism negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process negative regulation of gluconeogenesis regulation of small molecule metabolic process regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process regulation of glucose metabolic process negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of gluconeogenesis regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process response to cytokine cytokine-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to leptin stimulus cellular response to endogenous stimulus response to hormone cellular response to cytokine stimulus response to leptin cellular response to hormone stimulus leptin-mediated signaling pathway response to endogenous stimulus response to peptide cellular response to chemical stimulus response to chemical regulation of behavior behavior feeding behavior regulation of feeding behavior tissue remodeling regulation of bone remodeling bone remodeling regulation of tissue remodeling chemical homeostasis glucose homeostasis carbohydrate homeostasis energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds glycogen metabolic process generation of precursor metabolites and energy glucan metabolic process polysaccharide metabolic process energy reserve metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process cell population proliferation nervous system development neurogenesis gliogenesis glial cell proliferation	cell periphery cellular anatomical structure plasma membrane membrane basal part of cell basal plasma membrane plasma membrane region basolateral plasma membrane protein-containing complex receptor complex extracellular region

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
C	IPR000065	Leptin	Family
C	IPR009079	Four-helical cytokine-like, core	Homologous Superfamily
A, B	IPR003531	Short hematopoietin receptor, family 1, conserved site	Conserved Site
A, B	IPR003529	Long hematopoietin receptor, Gp130 family 2, conserved site	Conserved Site
A, B	IPR010457	Immunoglobulin C2-set-like, ligand-binding	Domain
A, B	IPR041182	Leptin receptor, immunoglobulin-like domain	Domain
A, B	IPR003961	Fibronectin type III	Domain
A, B	IPR013783	Immunoglobulin-like fold	Homologous Superfamily
A, B	IPR007110	Immunoglobulin-like domain	Domain
A, B	IPR036116	Fibronectin type III superfamily	Homologous Superfamily

Membrane Protein Annotation: mpstruc mpstruc Database Homepage

Chains	Resource Link	Group	Subgroup	Protein
A, B, C	mpstruc	TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS: ALPHA-HELICAL	Cytokine Receptors	leptin receptor (LepR)-full ECD (D1-D7) in complex with leptin

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.