7QQL

The PDZ domain of SNTG2 complexed with the phosphorylated PDZ-binding motif of RSK1

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations
Protein Modification Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
C [auth A]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Annexin	8043314	3000627	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C [auth A]	SCOP2B Superfamily	PDZ domain-like	8107340	3000388	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
A [auth C]	SCOP2B Superfamily	PDZ domain-like	8107340	3000388	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
A [auth C]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Annexin	8043314	3000627	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
D [auth B]	SCOP2 Family	PDZ domain	8107339	4001790	SCOP2 (2022-06-29)
D [auth B]	SCOP2 Superfamily	PDZ domain-like	8107340	3000388	SCOP2 (2022-06-29)
D [auth B]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Annexin	8043314	3000627	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
C [auth A]	PF00595	e7qqlA2	A: beta barrels	X: PDZ domain (From Topology)	H: PDZ domain (From Topology)	T: PDZ domain	F: PF00595	ECOD (1.6)
C [auth A]	PF00191	e7qqlA4	A: alpha arrays	X: Annexin (From Topology)	H: Annexin (From Topology)	T: Annexin	F: PF00191	ECOD (1.6)
A [auth C]	PF00595	e7qqlC3	A: beta barrels	X: PDZ domain (From Topology)	H: PDZ domain (From Topology)	T: PDZ domain	F: PF00595	ECOD (1.6)
A [auth C]	PF00191	e7qqlC1	A: alpha arrays	X: Annexin (From Topology)	H: Annexin (From Topology)	T: Annexin	F: PF00191	ECOD (1.6)
D [auth B]	PF00595	e7qqlB1	A: beta barrels	X: PDZ domain (From Topology)	H: PDZ domain (From Topology)	T: PDZ domain	F: PF00595	ECOD (1.6)
D [auth B]	PF00191	e7qqlB2	A: alpha arrays	X: Annexin (From Topology)	H: Annexin (From Topology)	T: Annexin	F: PF00191	ECOD (1.6)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	PF00191	Annexin (Annexin)	Annexin	This family of annexins also includes giardin that has been shown to function as an annexin [1].	Domain
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	PF00595	PDZ domain (PDZ)	PDZ domain	PDZ domains are found in diverse signaling proteins.	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	Gamma-2-syntrophin,Annexin A2	cytoskeletal protein binding actin binding protein binding binding neuroligin family protein binding signaling receptor binding PDZ domain binding protein domain specific binding structural molecule activity cell adhesion molecule binding cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion cadherin binding cell adhesion mediator activity cell-cell adhesion mediator activity cytoskeletal protein binding actin binding protein binding binding neuroligin family protein binding signaling receptor binding PDZ domain binding protein domain specific binding structural molecule activity cell adhesion molecule binding cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion cadherin binding cell adhesion mediator activity cell-cell adhesion mediator activity calcium-dependent phospholipid binding phospholipid binding lipid binding calcium channel activity monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity monoatomic ion channel activity monoatomic cation channel activity passive transmembrane transporter activity calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity inorganic molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity channel activity inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity transporter activity metal ion transmembrane transporter activity transmembrane transporter activity identical protein binding modified amino acid binding phosphatidylserine binding cation binding ion binding calcium ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding enzyme binding protease binding RNA binding organic cyclic compound binding nucleic acid binding phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding anion binding phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate binding phosphatidylinositol phosphate binding phosphatidylinositol binding enzyme regulator activity molecular function inhibitor activity peptidase regulator activity serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity molecular function regulator activity enzyme inhibitor activity peptidase inhibitor activity endopeptidase regulator activity endopeptidase inhibitor activity S100 protein binding calcium-dependent protein binding virion binding phospholipase inhibitor activity phospholipase A2 inhibitor activity lipase inhibitor activity	developmental process multicellular organism development multicellular organismal process central nervous system development anatomical structure development nervous system development system development regulation of multicellular organismal development regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process regulation of developmental process cellular developmental process biological regulation cell development developmental process multicellular organism development multicellular organismal process central nervous system development anatomical structure development nervous system development system development regulation of multicellular organismal development regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process regulation of developmental process cellular developmental process biological regulation cell development regulation of neurogenesis regulation of cell differentiation regulation of cell development regulation of nervous system development neurogenesis cell differentiation regulation of multicellular organismal process cellular process regulation of protein maturation positive regulation of protein maturation positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of protein processing protein maturation regulation of primary metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of plasminogen activation regulation of proteolysis proteolysis organic substance biosynthetic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process plasminogen activation zymogen activation cellular metabolic process regulation of protein metabolic process primary metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process positive regulation of proteolysis regulation of protein processing protein processing metabolic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of metabolic process cellular biosynthetic process positive regulation of protein metabolic process positive regulation of biological process positive regulation of cellular metabolic process organic substance metabolic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of plasminogen activation protein metabolic process positive regulation of cellular process regulation of biosynthetic process organonitrogen compound metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of body fluid levels response to stimulus regulation of response to external stimulus negative regulation of biological process regulation of response to wounding regulation of coagulation response to stress regulation of response to stress coagulation regulation of biological quality response to wounding regulation of hemostasis wound healing negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of wound healing regulation of blood coagulation negative regulation of blood coagulation hemostasis response to external stimulus negative regulation of response to wounding blood coagulation negative regulation of hemostasis fibrinolysis negative regulation of coagulation regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of response to external stimulus regulation of wound healing negative regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of localization import into cell regulation of cellular component organization receptor internalization transport negative regulation of transport negative regulation of endocytosis regulation of receptor internalization vesicle-mediated transport cellular component organization localization negative regulation of cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis regulation of endocytosis negative regulation of cellular component organization regulation of transport negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis regulation of vesicle-mediated transport establishment of localization endocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis negative regulation of receptor internalization positive regulation of organelle organization positive regulation of cellular component organization membrane fusion organelle membrane fusion regulation of vesicle fusion vesicle organization membrane organization regulation of organelle organization organelle fusion organelle organization positive regulation of transport positive regulation of vesicle fusion vesicle fusion collagen fibril organization extracellular matrix organization supramolecular fiber organization extracellular structure organization external encapsulating structure organization positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle levels regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance positive regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance plasma lipoprotein particle clearance regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance positive regulation of multicellular organismal process low-density lipoprotein particle clearance regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport positive regulation of intracellular lipid transport positive regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport positive regulation of endocytosis establishment of localization in cell sterol transport positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis regulation of intracellular transport regulation of sterol transport intracellular lipid transport organic substance transport intracellular transport lipid transport positive regulation of lipid transport cholesterol transport cellular localization positive regulation of sterol transport regulation of intracellular sterol transport intracellular cholesterol transport regulation of lipid transport positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport organic hydroxy compound transport intracellular sterol transport receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport positive regulation of intracellular transport positive regulation of intracellular sterol transport regulation of cholesterol transport positive regulation of cholesterol transport regulation of intracellular lipid transport lipid localization positive regulation of lipid localization regulation of cellular localization regulation of lipid localization macromolecule localization vesicle budding from membrane cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly membrane raft organization membrane biogenesis membrane raft assembly membrane assembly mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II RNA metabolic process mRNA transcription nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription nucleic acid biosynthetic process transcription by RNA polymerase II nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process mRNA metabolic process nucleic acid metabolic process organic cyclic compound metabolic process organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process myeloid leukocyte differentiation hemopoiesis animal organ development osteoclast development skeletal system development myeloid cell differentiation osteoclast differentiation bone cell development myeloid cell development bone development leukocyte differentiation positive regulation of protein binding regulation of binding positive regulation of binding regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding regulation of protein binding regulation of molecular function positive regulation of molecular function regulation of receptor binding positive regulation of receptor binding positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA biosynthetic process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process vacuole organization positive regulation of vacuole organization regulation of vacuole organization cell adhesion cell-matrix adhesion cell-substrate adhesion negative regulation of cellular catabolic process receptor catabolic process catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process negative regulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of protein catabolic process cellular catabolic process negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process receptor metabolic process regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process negative regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process organonitrogen compound catabolic process negative regulation of catabolic process negative regulation of receptor catabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process protein catabolic process regulation of catabolic process low-density lipoprotein receptor particle metabolic process regulation of receptor catabolic process regulation of cellular catabolic process organic substance catabolic process regulation of protein catabolic process blood vessel morphogenesis tube development angiogenesis vasculature development circulatory system development anatomical structure morphogenesis tube morphogenesis anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis blood vessel development positive regulation of secretion by cell positive regulation of exocytosis regulation of secretion by cell secretion by cell positive regulation of secretion secretion export from cell regulation of secretion exocytosis regulation of exocytosis response to activity apoptotic process cell death programmed cell death epithelial cell apoptotic process respiratory tube development lung development respiratory system development regulation of signaling signaling regulation of receptor recycling receptor recycling positive regulation of receptor recycling positive regulation of signaling plasma membrane repair regulation of plasma membrane organization plasma membrane organization regulation of plasma membrane repair positive regulation of plasma membrane repair endomembrane system organization	glycoprotein complex cell periphery protein-containing complex plasma membrane protein complex membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex cellular anatomical entity dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex syntrophin complex intracellular organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoskeleton organelle glycoprotein complex cell periphery protein-containing complex plasma membrane protein complex membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex cellular anatomical entity dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex syntrophin complex intracellular organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoskeleton organelle intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle non-membrane-bounded organelle sarcolemma cytoplasm membrane-bounded organelle nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nucleoplasm organelle lumen nuclear lumen cornified envelope basement membrane extracellular matrix external encapsulating structure collagen-containing extracellular matrix extracellular exosome extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle cytosol myelin sheath adaxonal region myelin sheath basal part of cell basal plasma membrane plasma membrane region basolateral plasma membrane endosome membrane endosome intracellular vesicle late endosome membrane endomembrane system cytoplasmic vesicle membrane bounding membrane of organelle cytoplasmic vesicle vesicle membrane late endosome organelle membrane cell-cell junction adherens junction anchoring junction cell junction PCSK9-AnxA2 complex vacuolar membrane lytic vacuole vacuole lytic vacuole membrane lysosomal membrane lysosome midbody nuclear periphery nuclear matrix pigment granule melanosome AnxA2-p11 complex RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex nuclear protein-containing complex transcription regulator complex cell surface cytoplasmic vesicle lumen vacuolar lumen vesicle lumen azurophil granule secretory granule lumen azurophil granule lumen secretory granule primary lysosome secretory vesicle early endosome compact myelin Schmidt-Lanterman incisure lipid droplet
B [auth F], E [auth D], F [auth E]	Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-1	protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein kinase activity protein kinase activity transferase activity catalytic activity phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups protein serine kinase activity enzyme regulator activity cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process molecular function regulator activity cysteine-type endopeptidase regulator activity involved in apoptotic process cation binding protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein kinase activity protein kinase activity transferase activity catalytic activity phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups protein serine kinase activity enzyme regulator activity cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process molecular function regulator activity cysteine-type endopeptidase regulator activity involved in apoptotic process cation binding magnesium ion binding ion binding binding metal ion binding small molecule binding adenyl ribonucleotide binding nucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding purine nucleotide binding organic cyclic compound binding anion binding adenyl nucleotide binding ATP binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding protein serine/threonine kinase activity ribosomal protein S6 kinase activity	regulation of biological process regulation of growth regulation of cellular process regulation of cellular component organization positive regulation of biological process biological regulation growth positive regulation of cell growth regulation of cell growth cell growth cellular component organization positive regulation of growth cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis regulation of biological process regulation of growth regulation of cellular process regulation of cellular component organization positive regulation of biological process biological regulation growth positive regulation of cell growth regulation of cell growth cell growth cellular component organization positive regulation of growth cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis positive regulation of cellular process negative regulation of hydrolase activity negative regulation of proteolysis regulation of catalytic activity negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of catalytic activity regulation of programmed cell death negative regulation of endopeptidase activity regulation of primary metabolic process negative regulation of peptidase activity regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process organic substance metabolic process regulation of proteolysis proteolysis regulation of endopeptidase activity negative regulation of cellular process negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process protein metabolic process negative regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity organonitrogen compound metabolic process negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of protein metabolic process regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of metabolic process regulation of peptidase activity negative regulation of molecular function primary metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process cell death regulation of molecular function negative regulation of apoptotic process regulation of hydrolase activity negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process apoptotic process regulation of metabolic process programmed cell death developmental process regulation of developmental process cellular developmental process regulation of cell differentiation positive regulation of developmental process positive regulation of cell differentiation cell differentiation cellular response to stimulus response to stimulus signaling signal transduction cell communication multicellular organismal process cell population proliferation gland development animal organ development epithelial cell proliferation involved in liver morphogenesis liver development multicellular organism development anatomical structure morphogenesis gland morphogenesis hepatocyte proliferation hepaticobiliary system development anatomical structure development animal organ morphogenesis epithelial cell proliferation liver morphogenesis system development cell cycle cell activation regulation of cell activation positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation fibroblast activation regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation positive regulation of cell activation hepatic stellate cell activation positive regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal process cellular biosynthetic process organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression regulation of translation in response to stress cellular response to stress response to stress organic substance biosynthetic process regulation of biosynthetic process cellular metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process gene expression translation macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process regulation of translation regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of cell communication negative regulation of TOR signaling regulation of intracellular signal transduction TOR signaling regulation of signaling regulation of TOR signaling negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of signal transduction regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cell communication protein phosphorylation phosphorylation macromolecule modification phosphate-containing compound metabolic process protein modification process phosphorus metabolic process trans-synaptic signaling synaptic signaling anterograde trans-synaptic signaling cell-cell signaling chemical synaptic transmission positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of RNA metabolic process organic cyclic compound metabolic process organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription RNA metabolic process positive regulation of cellular metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cellular anatomical entity cytosol membrane-bounded organelle nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cellular anatomical entity cytosol membrane-bounded organelle nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen synapse cell junction

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	IPR015482	Syntrophin	Family
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	IPR036034	PDZ superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	IPR001478	PDZ domain	Domain
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	IPR002389	Annexin A2	Family
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	IPR018252	Annexin repeat, conserved site	Conserved Site
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	IPR037104	Annexin superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	IPR018502	Annexin repeat	Repeat
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	IPR001464	Annexin	Family
B [auth F], E [auth D], F [auth E]	IPR017441	Protein kinase, ATP binding site	Binding Site
B [auth F], E [auth D], F [auth E]	IPR000719	Protein kinase domain	Domain
B [auth F], E [auth D], F [auth E]	IPR000961	AGC-kinase, C-terminal	Domain
B [auth F], E [auth D], F [auth E]	IPR016239	Ribosomal protein S6 kinase II	Family
B [auth F], E [auth D], F [auth E]	IPR017892	Protein kinase, C-terminal	Domain
B [auth F], E [auth D], F [auth E]	IPR041906	Ribosomal S6 kinase, N-terminal catalytic domain	Domain
B [auth F], E [auth D], F [auth E]	IPR011009	Protein kinase-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B [auth F], E [auth D], F [auth E]	IPR008271	Serine/threonine-protein kinase, active site	Active Site

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A [auth C], C [auth A], D [auth B]	Pharos: P07355	autism Autistic Disorder Hashimoto thyroiditis pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma autism spectrum disorder breast cancer hypothyroidism pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia cutaneous lupus erythematosus lung carcinoma psoriasis acute myeloid leukemia squamous cell carcinoma malignant mesothelioma Neoplasm Invasiveness autism Autistic Disorder Hashimoto thyroiditis pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma autism spectrum disorder breast cancer hypothyroidism pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia cutaneous lupus erythematosus lung carcinoma psoriasis acute myeloid leukemia squamous cell carcinoma malignant mesothelioma Neoplasm Invasiveness liver cancer osteoporosis liver neoplasm malignant pancreatic neoplasm medulloblastoma pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma pilocytic astrocytoma Duchenne muscular dystrophy lung benign neoplasm malignant ependymoma atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor oral cavity neoplasm pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma pituitary cancer glioblastoma juvenile dermatomyositis lung carcinoma malignant glioma mammary neoplasms, animal myopathy Becker muscular dystrophy chronic kidney disease ovarian cancer drug-induced liver injury pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm plasma cell myeloma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
B [auth F], E [auth D], F [auth E]	Pharos: Q15418	Sezary syndrome ductal breast carcinoma in situ osteosarcoma tuberculosis invasive ductal breast carcinoma psoriasis lung carcinoma

Protein Modification Annotation

Modified Residue(s)
Chain	Residue(s)	Description
B [auth F], E [auth D], F [auth E]	SEP	Parent Component: SER RESID: AA0037 PSI-MOD : O-phospho-L-serine MOD:00046

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the National Science Foundation (DBI-1832184), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM133198.