Annotations: 2VJE

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	PF13920	e2vjeA1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: RING/U-box-like	H: RING/U-box-like	T: RING/U-box	F: PF13920	ECOD (1.6)
C	PF13920	e2vjeC1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: RING/U-box-like	H: RING/U-box-like	T: RING/U-box	F: PF13920	ECOD (1.6)
B	PF13920	e2vjeB1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: RING/U-box-like	H: RING/U-box-like	T: RING/U-box	F: PF13920	ECOD (1.6)
D	PF13920	e2vjeD1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: RING/U-box-like	H: RING/U-box-like	T: RING/U-box	F: PF13920	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	3.30.40.10	Alpha Beta	2-Layer Sandwich	Herpes Virus-1	Zinc/RING finger domain, C3HC4 (zinc finger)	CATH (4.3.0)
C	3.30.40.10	Alpha Beta	2-Layer Sandwich	Herpes Virus-1	Zinc/RING finger domain, C3HC4 (zinc finger)	CATH (4.3.0)
B	3.30.40.10	Alpha Beta	2-Layer Sandwich	Herpes Virus-1	Zinc/RING finger domain, C3HC4 (zinc finger)	CATH (4.3.0)
D	3.30.40.10	Alpha Beta	2-Layer Sandwich	Herpes Virus-1	Zinc/RING finger domain, C3HC4 (zinc finger)	CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A, C	PF13920	Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger) (zf-C3HC4_3)	Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger)	-	Domain
B, D	PF13920	Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger) (zf-C3HC4_3)	Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger)	-	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A, C	E3 UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASE MDM2	aminoacyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein acyltransferase activity SUMO transferase activity transferase activity catalytic activity ubiquitin protein ligase binding protein binding binding ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding enzyme binding ligase activity protein domain specific binding aminoacyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein acyltransferase activity SUMO transferase activity transferase activity catalytic activity ubiquitin protein ligase binding protein binding binding ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding enzyme binding ligase activity protein domain specific binding ubiquitin binding ubiquitin-like protein binding NEDD8 transferase activity NEDD8 ligase activity ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity ubiquitin-protein transferase activity signaling receptor binding peroxisome proliferator activated receptor binding ubiquitin protein ligase activity identical protein binding p53 binding RNA binding organic cyclic compound binding rRNA binding 5S rRNA binding nucleic acid binding ribonucleoprotein complex binding protein-containing complex binding receptor serine/threonine kinase binding cation binding transition metal ion binding zinc ion binding ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding disordered domain specific binding	response to stimulus response to chemical response to xenobiotic stimulus response to organic substance response to oxygen-containing compound response to formaldehyde organonitrogen compound catabolic process regulation of biological process organonitrogen compound metabolic process catabolic process regulation of protein metabolic process biological regulation primary metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process response to stimulus response to chemical response to xenobiotic stimulus response to organic substance response to oxygen-containing compound response to formaldehyde organonitrogen compound catabolic process regulation of biological process organonitrogen compound metabolic process catabolic process regulation of protein metabolic process biological regulation primary metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process protein catabolic process regulation of catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process organic substance metabolic process metabolic process protein metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of metabolic process organic substance catabolic process regulation of protein catabolic process cellular response to stimulus cellular response to nitrogen compound response to endogenous stimulus response to organonitrogen compound response to peptide hormone cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus response to nitrogen compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to organonitrogen compound response to hormone cellular process cellular response to organic substance cellular response to hormone stimulus regulation of cellular process signaling negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of biological process regulation of signal transduction regulation of programmed cell death regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of cell communication cell communication regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator negative regulation of cellular process signal transduction intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator regulation of signaling negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process signal transduction by p53 class mediator cell death negative regulation of signal transduction apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cell communication intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator apoptotic process regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway response to antibiotic protein autoubiquitination protein ubiquitination macromolecule modification post-translational protein modification protein modification process protein modification by small protein conjugation protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal peptidyl-lysine modification protein sumoylation peptidyl-amino acid modification positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process positive regulation of protein metabolic process proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process positive regulation of biological process proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process regulation of proteolysis regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process proteolysis positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process proteasomal protein catabolic process positive regulation of protein catabolic process positive regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process positive regulation of catabolic process regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process modification-dependent protein catabolic process positive regulation of proteolysis regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process fibroblast activation multicellular organismal process cell activation response to toxic substance response to metal ion response to iron ion response to inorganic substance response to immobilization stress response to stress response to water-immersion restraint stress response to estrogen cellular response to estrogen stimulus developmental process multicellular organism development anatomical structure development vasculature development blood vessel development system development circulatory system development negative regulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process transcription by RNA polymerase II organic substance biosynthetic process negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II cellular metabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process organic cyclic compound metabolic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of RNA metabolic process cellular biosynthetic process RNA metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process response to ether cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly protein-containing complex organization protein-containing complex assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis heart development animal organ development ventricular septum development cardiac septum development cardiac chamber development cardiac ventricle development protein localization localization establishment of protein localization cellular localization cellular macromolecule localization macromolecule localization establishment of localization regulation of developmental process cellular developmental process regulation of cell differentiation muscle cell differentiation positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation muscle structure development positive regulation of developmental process regulation of muscle cell differentiation positive regulation of cell differentiation cell differentiation positive regulation of cellular process amyloid fibril formation supramolecular fiber organization regulation of cellular response to stress DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator cellular response to stress regulation of response to stress negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator DNA damage response signal transduction in response to DNA damage cell population proliferation positive regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation response to light stimulus cellular response to radiation response to UV cellular response to environmental stimulus cellular response to UV-C response to UV-C cellular response to light stimulus response to radiation response to abiotic stimulus cellular response to abiotic stimulus cellular response to UV cardiac atrium development atrial septum development cellular response to growth factor stimulus response to growth factor regulation of protein maturation negative regulation of proteolysis negative regulation of protein maturation protein maturation negative regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of gene expression regulation of protein processing protein processing negative regulation of protein processing positive regulation of cell cycle mitotic cell cycle regulation of mitotic cell cycle positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle cell cycle regulation of cell cycle heart process system process regulation of heart contraction regulation of system process circulatory system process regulation of blood circulation regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of biological quality heart contraction blood circulation regulation of heart rate protein destabilization regulation of protein stability positive regulation of cellular metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process response to decreased oxygen levels cellular response to oxygen levels cellular response to hypoxia cellular response to decreased oxygen levels response to hypoxia response to oxygen levels response to alkaloid cellular response to alkaloid response to nutrient levels response to vitamin B1 response to vitamin cellular response to vitamin B1 response to organic cyclic compound response to alcohol response to nutrient cellular response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to nutrient levels cellular response to alcohol cellular response to vitamin cellular response to nutrient regulation of cell cycle phase transition traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle cell cycle phase transition regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition cell cycle G1/S phase transition positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition positive regulation of cell cycle process cell cycle process positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle regulation of cell cycle process regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition positive regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition mitotic cell cycle process regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle positive regulation of cell cycle phase transition G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle mitotic cell cycle phase transition regulation of neuron projection development regulation of cellular component organization cell projection organization cell development neuron projection development neurogenesis neuron differentiation negative regulation of cell projection organization plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization negative regulation of cellular component organization regulation of cell projection organization nervous system development negative regulation of neuron projection development generation of neurons neuron development regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization cardiac chamber morphogenesis heart morphogenesis anatomical structure morphogenesis cardiac septum morphogenesis animal organ morphogenesis protein polyubiquitination response to lipid response to steroid hormone response to actinomycin D cellular response to actinomycin D cellular response to antibiotic cellular response to ionizing radiation response to ionizing radiation cellular response to gamma radiation response to gamma radiation regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation smooth muscle cell proliferation positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation muscle cell proliferation vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration positive regulation of locomotion vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration regulation of cell motility regulation of smooth muscle cell migration positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration positive regulation of cell migration smooth muscle cell migration muscle cell migration regulation of locomotion positive regulation of cell motility regulation of cell migration cell migration cell motility locomotion positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration cellular response to oxidative stress cellular response to chemical stress cellular response to hydrogen peroxide response to reactive oxygen species response to hydrogen peroxide response to oxidative stress cellular response to reactive oxygen species regulation of localization nitrogen compound transport regulation of protein localization nucleocytoplasmic transport transport positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport nuclear transport positive regulation of establishment of protein localization positive regulation of protein transport establishment of localization in cell positive regulation of intracellular transport nuclear export regulation of protein export from nucleus regulation of intracellular transport regulation of transport organic substance transport regulation of establishment of protein localization intracellular transport regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport regulation of protein transport protein export from nucleus positive regulation of protein export from nucleus positive regulation of transport protein transport regulation of cellular localization positive regulation of protein localization regulation of intracellular protein transport positive regulation of intracellular protein transport intracellular protein transport mesenchyme morphogenesis endocardial cushion morphogenesis mesenchyme development tissue development tissue morphogenesis endocardial cushion development blood vessel remodeling tissue remodeling negative regulation of cell cycle negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint signaling mitotic DNA damage checkpoint signaling negative regulation of cell cycle phase transition negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle mitotic G1/S transition checkpoint signaling DNA integrity checkpoint signaling DNA damage checkpoint signaling negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition negative regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition negative regulation of cell cycle process cell cycle checkpoint signaling mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest response to cocaine protein localization to organelle protein localization to nucleus atrioventricular valve development heart valve development heart valve morphogenesis atrioventricular valve morphogenesis response to magnesium ion	intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cellular anatomical entity cytosol membrane-bounded organelle nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle nucleolus intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle organelle lumen organelle intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cellular anatomical entity cytosol membrane-bounded organelle nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle nucleolus intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle organelle lumen organelle intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle nuclear lumen non-membrane-bounded organelle cell periphery plasma membrane membrane protein-containing complex intracellular vesicle cytoplasmic vesicle membrane bounding membrane of organelle cytoplasmic vesicle vesicle membrane endocytic vesicle membrane vesicle organelle membrane endocytic vesicle nucleoplasm transcription regulator complex transcription repressor complex
B, D	MDM4 PROTEIN	aminoacyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein acyltransferase activity transferase activity catalytic activity ubiquitin-protein transferase activity cation binding transition metal ion binding zinc ion binding ion binding binding metal ion binding small molecule binding aminoacyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein acyltransferase activity transferase activity catalytic activity ubiquitin-protein transferase activity cation binding transition metal ion binding zinc ion binding ion binding binding metal ion binding small molecule binding protein binding enzyme binding	regulation of cellular process negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of cellular metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process organic substance biosynthetic process negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription regulation of biological process cellular metabolic process regulation of cellular process negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of cellular metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process organic substance biosynthetic process negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription regulation of biological process cellular metabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process primary metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process organic cyclic compound metabolic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process metabolic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of RNA metabolic process cellular biosynthetic process RNA metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process organic substance metabolic process negative regulation of cellular process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process biological regulation regulation of macromolecule metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process cellular process cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly protein-containing complex organization protein-containing complex assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis regulation of protein stability regulation of biological quality protein stabilization developmental process heart development multicellular organismal process animal organ development ventricular septum development circulatory system development multicellular organism development cardiac septum development cardiac chamber development anatomical structure development cardiac ventricle development system development negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process regulation of programmed cell death cell death negative regulation of apoptotic process apoptotic process programmed cell death response to decreased oxygen levels cellular response to stimulus response to stimulus cellular response to oxygen levels cellular response to hypoxia cellular response to decreased oxygen levels cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to stress response to hypoxia response to stress response to chemical response to oxygen levels response to abiotic stimulus organonitrogen compound metabolic process protein ubiquitination macromolecule modification protein metabolic process post-translational protein modification protein modification process protein modification by small protein conjugation protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal mesenchyme morphogenesis endocardial cushion morphogenesis heart morphogenesis mesenchyme development tissue development tissue morphogenesis anatomical structure morphogenesis endocardial cushion development animal organ morphogenesis heart valve development cardiac atrium development atrial septum development negative regulation of cell population proliferation cell population proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation signaling signal transduction by p53 class mediator DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator intracellular signal transduction cell communication DNA damage response signal transduction in response to DNA damage signal transduction catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process negative regulation of protein catabolic process negative regulation of protein metabolic process organonitrogen compound catabolic process negative regulation of catabolic process regulation of protein metabolic process protein catabolic process regulation of catabolic process organic substance catabolic process regulation of protein catabolic process cell cycle regulation of cell cycle transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II atrioventricular valve development heart valve morphogenesis atrioventricular valve morphogenesis	membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle cellular anatomical entity intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen protein-containing complex transcription regulator complex membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle cellular anatomical entity intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen protein-containing complex transcription regulator complex transcription repressor complex

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A, C	IPR003121	SWIB/MDM2 domain	Domain
A, C	IPR016495	p53 negative regulator Mdm2/Mdm4	Family
A, C	IPR013083	Zinc finger, RING/FYVE/PHD-type	Homologous Superfamily
A, C	IPR001876	Zinc finger, RanBP2-type	Domain
A, C	IPR036443	Zinc finger, RanBP2-type superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, C	IPR036885	SWIB/MDM2 domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, C	IPR044080	MDM2, modified RING finger, HC subclass	Domain
A, C	IPR001841	Zinc finger, RING-type	Domain
A, C	IPR028340	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2	Family
B, D	IPR003121	SWIB/MDM2 domain	Domain
B, D	IPR016495	p53 negative regulator Mdm2/Mdm4	Family
B, D	IPR036443	Zinc finger, RanBP2-type superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B, D	IPR036885	SWIB/MDM2 domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B, D	IPR013083	Zinc finger, RING/FYVE/PHD-type	Homologous Superfamily
B, D	IPR001876	Zinc finger, RanBP2-type	Domain
B, D	IPR001841	Zinc finger, RING-type	Domain
B, D	IPR015458	MDM4	Family

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A, C	Pharos: Q00987	melanoma cancer Li-Fraumeni syndrome prostate cancer HIV infectious disease non-small cell lung carcinoma breast carcinoma well-differentiated liposarcoma male infertility gastric carcinoma precancerous condition hematologic disease SAPHO syndrome lipoma Subfertility, Male melanoma cancer Li-Fraumeni syndrome prostate cancer HIV infectious disease non-small cell lung carcinoma breast carcinoma well-differentiated liposarcoma male infertility gastric carcinoma precancerous condition hematologic disease SAPHO syndrome lipoma Subfertility, Male lymphatic system disease acute lymphoblastic leukemia amyotrophic lateral sclerosis breast cancer cutaneous melanoma exocrine pancreatic carcinoma peripheral nervous system disease glioblastoma hepatocellular carcinoma juvenile dermatomyositis sarcoma lung cancer urinary bladder cancer acute myeloid leukemia malignant colon neoplasm atypical lipomatous tumor malignant pancreatic neoplasm myopathy connective tissue disease Dedifferentiated liposarcoma osteosarcoma gastric cancer peripheral neuropathy glioma primitive neuroectodermal tumor psoriasis subependymal giant cell astrocytoma lung disease acute promyelocytic leukemia malignant mesothelioma atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor breast disease colorectal adenocarcinoma Crohn disease Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy ovarian cancer
B, D	Pharos: O15151	breast carcinoma glioblastoma giant cell glioblastoma pneumoconiosis bagassosis medulloblastoma oligodendroglioma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia primitive neuroectodermal tumor retinoblastoma androgenetic alopecia Unipolar Depression bladder benign neoplasm urinary bladder neoplasm breast cancer breast carcinoma glioblastoma giant cell glioblastoma pneumoconiosis bagassosis medulloblastoma oligodendroglioma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia primitive neuroectodermal tumor retinoblastoma androgenetic alopecia Unipolar Depression bladder benign neoplasm urinary bladder neoplasm breast cancer estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer juvenile dermatomyositis malignant ependymoma myopathy osteosarcoma Pick disease prostate carcinoma sarcoma attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type urinary bladder cancer bladder carcinoma in situ large cell medulloblastoma malignant mesothelioma ovarian cancer psoriasis tuberculosis urinary bladder carcinoma brain glioma diabetes mellitus major depressive disorder

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the National Science Foundation (DBI-1832184), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM133198.