1AX8

Human obesity protein, leptin

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification
Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification SCOP Database Homepage

Chains	Domain Info	Class	Fold	Superfamily	Family	Domain	Species	Provenance Source (Version)
A	d1ax8a_	All alpha proteins	4-helical cytokines	4-helical cytokines	Long-chain cytokines	Leptin (obesity protein)	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2 Family	Long-chain cytokines	8024703	4000851	SCOP2 (2022-06-29)
A	SCOP2 Superfamily	4-helical cytokines	8037082	3001717	SCOP2 (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	Leptin	e1ax8A1	A: alpha bundles	X: Ferritin/Heme oxygenase/4-helical cytokines	H: 4-helical cytokines (From Topology)	T: 4-helical cytokines	F: Leptin	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	1.20.1250.10	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Growth Hormone	Chain: A	CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A	PF02024	Leptin (Leptin)	Leptin	-	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A	OBESITY PROTEIN	DNA binding binding organic cyclic compound binding nucleic acid binding peptide hormone receptor binding protein binding signaling receptor binding hormone receptor binding hormone activity molecular function activator activity molecular function regulator activity signaling receptor regulator activity receptor ligand activity signaling receptor activator activity DNA binding binding organic cyclic compound binding nucleic acid binding peptide hormone receptor binding protein binding signaling receptor binding hormone receptor binding hormone activity molecular function activator activity molecular function regulator activity signaling receptor regulator activity receptor ligand activity signaling receptor activator activity leptin receptor binding	developmental process multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal development regulation of biological process regulation of developmental process blood vessel morphogenesis tube development biological regulation angiogenesis vasculature development regulation of vasculature development circulatory system development multicellular organism development anatomical structure morphogenesis tube morphogenesis developmental process multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal development regulation of biological process regulation of developmental process blood vessel morphogenesis tube development biological regulation angiogenesis vasculature development regulation of vasculature development circulatory system development multicellular organism development anatomical structure morphogenesis tube morphogenesis regulation of angiogenesis anatomical structure development anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis blood vessel development system development fat cell differentiation regulation of cellular process cellular developmental process regulation of cell differentiation regulation of brown fat cell differentiation brown fat cell differentiation cell differentiation cellular process regulation of fat cell differentiation regulation of tube diameter system process regulation of tube size regulation of system process negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of vasoconstriction circulatory system process regulation of blood circulation vascular process in circulatory system regulation of vasoconstriction blood vessel diameter maintenance regulation of biological quality negative regulation of multicellular organismal process vasoconstriction blood circulation regulation of anatomical structure size carbohydrate metabolic process polyol metabolic process small molecule biosynthetic process glycerol biosynthetic process organic hydroxy compound metabolic process carbohydrate biosynthetic process alditol biosynthetic process primary metabolic process alcohol metabolic process glycerol metabolic process organic substance metabolic process biosynthetic process alditol metabolic process organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process polyol biosynthetic process alcohol biosynthetic process organic substance biosynthetic process metabolic process small molecule metabolic process prostaglandin transport transport signaling cell communication localization secretion by cell monocarboxylic acid transport fatty acid transport icosanoid transport signal release prostaglandin secretion icosanoid secretion organic anion transport carboxylic acid transport secretion organic substance transport cell-cell signaling export from cell lipid localization lipid transport establishment of localization organic acid transport lipid export from cell macromolecule localization regulation of growth regulation of developmental growth developmental growth positive regulation of biological process growth positive regulation of developmental process positive regulation of growth positive regulation of developmental growth digestion intestinal absorption digestive system process cellular response to stimulus response to organic substance response to lipid response to stimulus response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound response to retinoic acid cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to retinoic acid response to chemical cellular response to lipid cellular response to organic substance hemopoiesis cell activation cell development mononuclear cell differentiation lymphocyte activation lymphocyte differentiation leukocyte activation T cell activation immune system process T cell differentiation leukocyte differentiation positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signal transduction intracellular receptor signaling pathway regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of response to stimulus signal transduction positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of cellular process regulation of signaling peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cell communication regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of signaling positive regulation of interleukin-8 production cellular biosynthetic process positive regulation of cellular metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process cytokine production regulation of cytokine production positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process cellular metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process interleukin-8 production regulation of macromolecule metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process macromolecule metabolic process positive regulation of cytokine production regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-8 production positive regulation of phosphorylation regulation of catalytic activity regulation of transferase activity positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process regulation of phosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process phosphorus metabolic process protein modification process positive regulation of protein phosphorylation protein phosphorylation positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process phosphorylation regulation of protein metabolic process regulation of molecular function positive regulation of kinase activity activation of protein kinase C activity regulation of kinase activity activation of protein kinase activity macromolecule modification regulation of phosphorus metabolic process regulation of protein modification process regulation of protein phosphorylation positive regulation of protein metabolic process positive regulation of molecular function positive regulation of protein modification process protein metabolic process positive regulation of protein kinase activity organonitrogen compound metabolic process positive regulation of transferase activity positive regulation of catalytic activity regulation of protein kinase activity regulation of phosphorylation ovulation cycle process ovulation sexual reproduction reproductive process sex differentiation development of primary female sexual characteristics female gamete generation developmental process involved in reproduction gamete generation ovulation from ovarian follicle ovulation cycle development of primary sexual characteristics reproductive structure development rhythmic process gonad development reproductive system development female gonad development multicellular organismal reproductive process animal organ development female sex differentiation negative regulation of cellular catabolic process negative regulation of catabolic process catabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process autophagy regulation of catabolic process regulation of autophagy negative regulation of cellular metabolic process cellular catabolic process negative regulation of autophagy regulation of cellular catabolic process negative regulation of cellular process process utilizing autophagic mechanism response to cytokine cytokine-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to leptin stimulus cellular response to endogenous stimulus response to hormone cellular response to cytokine stimulus response to leptin cellular response to hormone stimulus leptin-mediated signaling pathway cell surface receptor signaling pathway response to endogenous stimulus response to nutrient levels response to nutrient response to vitamin E response to vitamin response to organic cyclic compound regulation of intestinal absorption lipid digestion regulation of digestive system process intestinal lipid absorption regulation of intestinal lipid absorption intestinal cholesterol absorption regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process organic cyclic compound metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of RNA metabolic process RNA metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process positive regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of leukocyte activation regulation of cell activation positive regulation of cell activation lymphocyte proliferation positive regulation of leukocyte activation regulation of immune system process positive regulation of immune system process regulation of leukocyte proliferation cell population proliferation positive regulation of T cell activation positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation positive regulation of T cell proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation mononuclear cell proliferation regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion leukocyte proliferation leukocyte cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of lymphocyte activation cell adhesion cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation regulation of cell-cell adhesion T cell proliferation regulation of lymphocyte proliferation positive regulation of cell adhesion regulation of cell adhesion regulation of T cell activation regulation of T cell proliferation regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation regulation of lymphocyte activation carbohydrate derivative metabolic process glycoprotein metabolic process elastin metabolic process regulation of response to nutrient levels negative regulation of response to food negative regulation of response to nutrient levels negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of appetite regulation of response to food response to food regulation of appetite positive regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process regulation of programmed cell death cell death positive regulation of apoptotic process regulation of fat cell apoptotic process positive regulation of fat cell apoptotic process fat cell apoptotic process apoptotic process programmed cell death circadian rhythm connective tissue development adipose tissue development tissue development oxoacid metabolic process organic acid catabolic process organic acid metabolic process cellular lipid catabolic process monocarboxylic acid catabolic process fatty acid oxidation carboxylic acid catabolic process fatty acid beta-oxidation lipid oxidation fatty acid metabolic process lipid catabolic process carboxylic acid metabolic process lipid modification fatty acid catabolic process cellular lipid metabolic process monocarboxylic acid metabolic process small molecule catabolic process organic substance catabolic process lipid metabolic process negative regulation of programmed cell death negative regulation of apoptotic process response to activity behavior eating behavior feeding behavior organ growth skeletal system development bone growth bone development regulation of interleukin-12 production interleukin-12 production positive regulation of interleukin-12 production sterol metabolic process steroid metabolic process cholesterol metabolic process secondary alcohol metabolic process regulation of localization regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion luteinizing hormone secretion regulation of hormone levels positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion regulation of secretion endocrine hormone secretion regulation of endocrine process regulation of hormone secretion gonadotropin secretion positive regulation of secretion by cell hormone secretion positive regulation of hormone secretion regulation of secretion by cell positive regulation of secretion positive regulation of gonadotropin secretion regulation of transport regulation of gonadotropin secretion endocrine process positive regulation of transport hormone transport reactive oxygen species metabolic process positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process lipoprotein modification regulation of lipoprotein oxidation lipoprotein metabolic process regulation of lipid metabolic process lipoprotein oxidation regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process lipoprotein lipid oxidation regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation regulation of immune effector process lymphocyte mediated immunity regulation of defense response regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity regulation of response to biotic stimulus biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms regulation of response to external stimulus response to biotic stimulus response to stress regulation of response to stress innate immune response leukocyte mediated immunity response to external biotic stimulus natural killer cell mediated immunity regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity immune response response to other organism defense response regulation of innate immune response regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity defense response to symbiont response to external stimulus leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity immune effector process regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity defense response to other organism natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity regulation of immune response regulation of cell killing cell killing follicle-stimulating hormone secretion positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion response to organonitrogen compound response to peptide hormone response to insulin response to nitrogen compound regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response cytokine production involved in inflammatory response inflammatory response p38MAPK cascade intracellular signal transduction regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette positive regulation of MAPK cascade positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of MAPK cascade positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade regulation of p38MAPK cascade MAPK cascade regulation of cartilage development negative regulation of cartilage development negative regulation of developmental process cartilage development cellular response to nitrogen compound cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus cellular response to organonitrogen compound cellular response to insulin stimulus regulation of tumor necrosis factor production positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production tumor necrosis factor production regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production regulation of monooxygenase activity regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity regulation of oxidoreductase activity response to estradiol multicellular organismal-level homeostasis response to dietary excess homeostatic process energy homeostasis leukocyte tethering or rolling leukocyte migration leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell cellular extravasation cell migration cell motility central nervous system neuron development nervous system development generation of neurons central nervous system neuron differentiation neurogenesis central nervous system development neuron differentiation neuron development regulation of blood pressure placenta development import into cell phagocytosis endocytosis vesicle-mediated transport positive regulation of TOR signaling TOR signaling regulation of TOR signaling negative regulation of appetite by leptin-mediated signaling pathway artery development aorta development response to L-ascorbic acid response to monosaccharide response to carbohydrate cellular response to monosaccharide stimulus cellular response to L-ascorbic acid cellular response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to nutrient levels cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus cellular response to vitamin cellular response to nutrient lipid storage negative regulation of lipid localization maintenance of location regulation of lipid storage regulation of lipid localization negative regulation of lipid storage protein localization establishment of protein localization nitrogen compound transport nucleocytoplasmic transport nuclear transport positive regulation of establishment of protein localization import into nucleus cellular macromolecule localization establishment of localization in cell regulation of intracellular transport positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus positive regulation of protein import into nucleus intracellular transport regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport protein localization to nucleus establishment of protein localization to organelle positive regulation of protein localization regulation of intracellular protein transport positive regulation of intracellular protein transport intracellular protein transport cellular localization regulation of protein localization positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport regulation of protein localization to nucleus positive regulation of protein transport regulation of protein import into nucleus protein import into nucleus positive regulation of intracellular transport regulation of establishment of protein localization regulation of protein transport regulation of cellular localization protein transport protein localization to organelle bone maturation bone mineralization bone mineralization involved in bone maturation developmental maturation ossification anatomical structure maturation biomineral tissue development ossification involved in bone maturation animal organ maturation monosaccharide metabolic process hexose metabolic process glucose metabolic process positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation fibroblast activation regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation hepatic stellate cell activation insulin receptor signaling pathway regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway positive regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway regulation of peptide hormone secretion establishment of protein localization to extracellular region protein secretion regulation of protein secretion regulation of peptide secretion protein localization to extracellular region peptide secretion amide transport regulation of peptide transport peptide transport regulation of insulin secretion peptide hormone secretion insulin secretion response to decreased oxygen levels response to hypoxia response to oxygen levels response to abiotic stimulus tissue remodeling regulation of bone remodeling bone remodeling regulation of tissue remodeling adult feeding behavior adult behavior chemical homeostasis glucose homeostasis carbohydrate homeostasis regulation of endothelial cell proliferation endothelial cell proliferation regulation of epithelial cell proliferation epithelial cell proliferation regulation of monoatomic ion transport positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport monoatomic ion transport regulation of steroid biosynthetic process regulation of steroid metabolic process lipid biosynthetic process regulation of lipid biosynthetic process steroid biosynthetic process gluconeogenesis regulation of small molecule metabolic process regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process regulation of glucose metabolic process monosaccharide biosynthetic process hexose biosynthetic process regulation of gluconeogenesis regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process multi-multicellular organism process female pregnancy multi-organism reproductive process bile acid metabolic process interleukin-6 production positive regulation of interleukin-6 production regulation of interleukin-6 production regulation of natural killer cell activation natural killer cell activation natural killer cell proliferation regulation of natural killer cell proliferation hexose transmembrane transport glucose import carbohydrate transport negative regulation of transport negative regulation of transmembrane transport glucose transmembrane transport regulation of glucose import transmembrane transport negative regulation of glucose import regulation of glucose transmembrane transport negative regulation of glucose transmembrane transport regulation of transmembrane transport monosaccharide transmembrane transport carbohydrate transmembrane transport hormone metabolic process regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds energy reserve metabolic process generation of precursor metabolites and energy negative regulation of amino acid transport glutamine transport negative regulation of amine transport regulation of amino acid transport regulation of glutamine transport neutral amino acid transport amino acid transport amine transport negative regulation of glutamine transport negative regulation of organic acid transport regulation of organic acid transport regulation of amine transport response to alcohol response to ethanol adaptive thermogenesis regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis cold-induced thermogenesis temperature homeostasis positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis determination of adult lifespan peptidyl-amino acid modification tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein cell surface receptor signaling pathway via STAT peptidyl-tyrosine modification positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT muscle hypertrophy cardiac muscle hypertrophy striated muscle hypertrophy muscle system process positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT cell cycle regulation of cell cycle negative regulation of secretion regulation of glucagon secretion negative regulation of hormone secretion negative regulation of secretion by cell negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion negative regulation of signaling glucagon secretion negative regulation of cell communication negative regulation of peptide secretion negative regulation of glucagon secretion	intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cellular anatomical entity cytosol extracellular region extracellular space

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A	IPR000065	Leptin	Family
A	IPR009079	Four-helical cytokine-like, core	Homologous Superfamily

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A	Pharos: P41159	obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency obesity disorder polycystic ovary syndrome gestational diabetes metabolic syndrome X Alzheimer disease non-alcoholic fatty liver disease hyperinsulinism Crohn disease hypertensive disorder autoimmune hepatitis breast carcinoma type 2 diabetes mellitus malignant colon neoplasm gastric ulcer obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency obesity disorder polycystic ovary syndrome gestational diabetes metabolic syndrome X Alzheimer disease non-alcoholic fatty liver disease hyperinsulinism Crohn disease hypertensive disorder autoimmune hepatitis breast carcinoma type 2 diabetes mellitus malignant colon neoplasm gastric ulcer heroin dependence Nerve Degeneration hyperplasia female infertility glucose intolerance morbid obesity visual epilepsy proteinuria hypogonadism prostate cancer benign colon neoplasm schizophrenia fatty liver disease breast fibroadenoma colonic neoplasm sleep-wake disorder hyperglycemia alcohol withdrawal diabetes mellitus inborn carbohydrate metabolic disorder Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy atopic eczema autoimmune disease breast cancer maturity-onset diabetes of the young cancer acquired metabolic disease hypogonadotropic hypogonadism ovarian cancer ductal breast carcinoma in situ atherosclerosis kidney disease autism major depressive disorder coronary artery disease Crohn's colitis depressive disorder ileocolitis inherited lipid metabolism disorder prediabetes syndrome eating disorder invasive ductal breast carcinoma lipodystrophy psoriasis facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the National Science Foundation (DBI-1832184), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM133198.