1T65

Crystal structure of the androgen receptor ligand binding domain with DHT and a peptide derived form its physiological coactivator GRIP1 NR box 2 bound in a non-helical conformation

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification
Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification SCOP-e Database Homepage

Chains	Domain Info	Class	Fold	Superfamily	Family	Domain	Species	Provenance Source (Version)
A	d1t65a_	All alpha proteins	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Androgen receptor	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	8037208	3001442	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	PF00104	e1t65A1	A: alpha arrays	X: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (From Topology)	H: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (From Topology)	T: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	F: PF00104	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	1.10.565.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Retinoid X Receptor	Retinoid X Receptor	CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A	PF00104	Ligand-binding domain of nuclear hormone receptor (Hormone_recep)	Ligand-binding domain of nuclear hormone receptor	This all helical domain is involved in binding the hormone in these receptors.	Domain
B	PF08832	Steroid receptor coactivator (SRC-1)	Steroid receptor coactivator	This domain is found in steroid/nuclear receptor coactivators and contains two LXXLL motifs that are involved in receptor binding [1]. The family includes SRC-1/NcoA-1, NcoA-2/TIF2, pCIP/ACTR/GRIP-1/AIB1.	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A	Androgen receptor	DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding binding double-stranded DNA binding organic cyclic compound binding nucleic acid binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding hormone binding androgen binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription regulator activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding binding double-stranded DNA binding organic cyclic compound binding nucleic acid binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding hormone binding androgen binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription regulator activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding estrogen response element binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding nuclear receptor activity molecular transducer activity ligand-activated transcription factor activity signaling receptor activity molecular adaptor activity DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription activator activity ATPase binding protein binding enzyme binding signaling receptor binding POU domain binding protein domain specific binding G protein-coupled receptor activity transmembrane signaling receptor activity transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding DNA-binding transcription factor binding protein-containing complex binding chromatin binding basal transcription machinery binding basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery binding general transcription initiation factor binding RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor binding transcription coregulator binding transcription coactivator binding steroid binding lipid binding beta-catenin binding cation binding transition metal ion binding zinc ion binding ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding	developmental process multicellular organismal process gonad development reproductive system development reproductive process sex differentiation animal organ development developmental process involved in reproduction male gonad development male sex differentiation multicellular organism development development of primary male sexual characteristics development of primary sexual characteristics anatomical structure development reproductive structure development developmental process multicellular organismal process gonad development reproductive system development reproductive process sex differentiation animal organ development developmental process involved in reproduction male gonad development male sex differentiation multicellular organism development development of primary male sexual characteristics development of primary sexual characteristics anatomical structure development reproductive structure development system development spermatogenesis sexual reproduction multicellular organismal reproductive process male gamete generation gamete generation epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland development epithelium development cellular developmental process prostate gland development gland development urogenital system development tissue development epithelial cell differentiation cell differentiation cellular process branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis multi-multicellular organism process mammary gland morphogenesis maternal process involved in female pregnancy mammary gland development branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube tertiary branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis tube morphogenesis gland morphogenesis mammary gland branching involved in pregnancy animal organ morphogenesis epithelial tube morphogenesis female pregnancy tube development morphogenesis of an epithelium mammary gland duct morphogenesis tissue morphogenesis anatomical structure morphogenesis mammary gland epithelium development morphogenesis of a branching structure multi-organism reproductive process morphogenesis of a branching epithelium cellular response to stimulus response to organic substance regulation of cellular process intracellular receptor signaling pathway response to stimulus response to lipid signaling hormone-mediated signaling pathway cell communication cellular response to endogenous stimulus response to hormone response to steroid hormone androgen receptor signaling pathway signal transduction cellular response to organic substance cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to hormone stimulus regulation of biological process response to endogenous stimulus biological regulation cellular response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to chemical stimulus steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway response to chemical cellular response to lipid nuclear receptor signaling pathway intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway cellular biosynthetic process positive regulation of biological process positive regulation of cellular metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of metabolic process organic substance metabolic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process organic substance biosynthetic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process positive regulation of cellular process regulation of biosynthetic process cellular metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process positive regulation of gene expression regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process lateral sprouting from an epithelium lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis cell-cell signaling fertilization single fertilization positive regulation of cellular component organization regulation of cellular component organization cellular component organization plasma membrane organization cellular component organization or biogenesis integrin biosynthetic process endomembrane system organization membrane organization positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process regulation of integrin biosynthetic process cell surface receptor signaling pathway insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway regulation of developmental process regulation of cell differentiation positive regulation of developmental process positive regulation of cell differentiation intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway regulation of primary metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of miRNA metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process miRNA metabolic process positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process primary metabolic process positive regulation of RNA metabolic process organic cyclic compound metabolic process organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription RNA metabolic process positive regulation of miRNA transcription positive regulation of miRNA metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process miRNA transcription regulation of RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process ncRNA metabolic process regulation of miRNA transcription embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching chordate embryonic development embryo development in utero embryonic development intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette MAPK cascade positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signal transduction regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of response to stimulus positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway regulation of signaling regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signaling positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity positive regulation of molecular function regulation of molecular function regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity system process regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure circulatory system process regulation of blood pressure regulation of biological quality blood circulation response to estrogen cellular response to estrogen stimulus negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of biological process regulation of programmed cell death extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of cell communication negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of cellular process negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process cell death negative regulation of signal transduction regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of apoptotic process apoptotic process programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway protein localization regulation of localization cellular localization protein localization to cell periphery regulation of protein localization protein localization to plasma membrane localization within membrane regulation of protein localization to cell periphery protein localization to membrane localization regulation of cellular localization cellular macromolecule localization macromolecule localization regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane regulation of protein localization to membrane prostate gland epithelium morphogenesis prostate gland morphogenesis negative regulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process negative regulation of RNA metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of reproductive process animal organ formation activation of prostate induction by androgen receptor signaling pathway regulation of animal organ morphogenesis cell fate commitment pattern specification process positive regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium morphogenesis of an epithelial bud regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis positive regulation of reproductive process morphogenesis of an epithelial fold regionalization regulation of cell fate specification positive regulation of animal organ morphogenesis regulation of animal organ formation developmental induction regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure embryonic morphogenesis prostatic bud formation cell fate specification positive regulation of multicellular organismal process prostate induction specification of animal organ identity regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium regulation of multicellular organismal process morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium regulation of cell fate commitment regulation of prostatic bud formation anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis prostate field specification organ induction multicellular organism growth developmental growth growth negative regulation of cell population proliferation cell population proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of epithelial cell proliferation epithelial cell proliferation negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II seminiferous tubule development male somatic sex determination sex determination male sex determination somatic sex determination Leydig cell differentiation cell development cell morphogenesis epithelial cell development epithelial cell morphogenesis positive regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development regulation of intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of MAPK cascade positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of MAPK cascade regulation of growth regulation of developmental growth cellular response to testosterone stimulus response to ketone response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound response to testosterone cellular response to ketone negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic process negative regulation of cellular component organization positive regulation of phosphorylation positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process phosphorylation positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process regulation of phosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process regulation of phosphorus metabolic process regulation of phosphorylation phosphorus metabolic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III transcription by RNA polymerase III organ growth prostate gland growth positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway male genitalia morphogenesis genitalia development male anatomical structure morphogenesis male genitalia development genitalia morphogenesis mammary gland lobule development mammary gland alveolus development	membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen cellular anatomical entity intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nuclear speck nuclear body intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen cellular anatomical entity intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nuclear speck nuclear body intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen cytoplasm cytosol protein-containing complex protein-DNA complex intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle chromatin chromosome non-membrane-bounded organelle cell periphery plasma membrane membrane
B	Nuclear receptor coactivator 2	protein binding binding protein domain specific binding DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding double-stranded DNA binding nucleic acid binding RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding organic cyclic compound binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding protein binding binding protein domain specific binding DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding double-stranded DNA binding nucleic acid binding RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding organic cyclic compound binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding protein-containing complex binding chromatin binding transcription coactivator activity transcription regulator activity transcription coregulator activity protein-macromolecule adaptor activity molecular adaptor activity transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding nuclear receptor binding DNA-binding transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding nuclear receptor coactivator activity protein dimerization activity signaling receptor binding aryl hydrocarbon receptor binding	regulation of biological process organic substance metabolic process regulation of lipid metabolic process biological regulation primary metabolic process metabolic process regulation of metabolic process lipid metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process developmental process multicellular organismal process regulation of developmental process connective tissue development adipose tissue development regulation of biological process organic substance metabolic process regulation of lipid metabolic process biological regulation primary metabolic process metabolic process regulation of metabolic process lipid metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process developmental process multicellular organismal process regulation of developmental process connective tissue development adipose tissue development positive regulation of adipose tissue development animal organ development positive regulation of biological process tissue development positive regulation of developmental process regulation of adipose tissue development anatomical structure development positive regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal process response to organic substance response to ketone response to lipid response to stimulus response to endogenous stimulus response to progesterone response to oxygen-containing compound response to hormone response to steroid hormone response to chemical response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to stimulus cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular process cellular response to organic substance cellular response to hormone stimulus regulation of cellular process cellular biosynthetic process organic substance biosynthetic process regulation of biosynthetic process rhythmic process circadian regulation of gene expression cellular metabolic process circadian rhythm regulation of cellular metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process macromolecule metabolic process RNA metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process organic cyclic compound metabolic process organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription intracellular receptor signaling pathway signaling cell communication peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway signal transduction mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II mRNA transcription transcription by RNA polymerase II mRNA metabolic process behavior circadian behavior locomotory behavior rhythmic behavior locomotor rhythm response to Thyroglobulin triiodothyronine cellular response to Thyroglobulin triiodothyronine negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process negative regulation of RNA metabolic process negative regulation of cellular process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process cellular response to nitrogen compound response to peptide hormone regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus response to organonitrogen compound cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus response to nitrogen compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to organonitrogen compound regulation of response to stimulus response to insulin cellular response to insulin stimulus positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of cellular metabolic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process positive regulation of cellular process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process monosaccharide metabolic process carbohydrate metabolic process hexose metabolic process regulation of small molecule metabolic process small molecule metabolic process regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process regulation of glucose metabolic process glucose metabolic process	RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex membrane-bounded organelle protein-containing complex intracellular anatomical structure nucleus nuclear protein-containing complex transcription regulator complex intracellular membrane-bounded organelle cellular anatomical entity intracellular organelle organelle cytoplasm membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular organelle lumen RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex membrane-bounded organelle protein-containing complex intracellular anatomical structure nucleus nuclear protein-containing complex transcription regulator complex intracellular membrane-bounded organelle cellular anatomical entity intracellular organelle organelle cytoplasm membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular organelle lumen nucleoplasm organelle lumen nuclear lumen protein-DNA complex intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle chromatin chromosome non-membrane-bounded organelle nuclear body

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A	IPR001628	Zinc finger, nuclear hormone receptor-type	Domain
A	IPR001103	Androgen receptor	Family
A	IPR013088	Zinc finger, NHR/GATA-type	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR000536	Nuclear hormone receptor, ligand-binding domain	Domain
A	IPR035500	Nuclear hormone receptor-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR010011	Nuclear receptor coactivator, DUF1518	Domain
B	IPR009110	Nuclear receptor coactivator, interlocking	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR037077	Nuclear receptor coactivator, Ncoa-type, interlocking domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR017426	Nuclear receptor coactivator	Family
B	IPR014935	Nuclear receptor coactivator, receptor-binding domain	Domain
B	IPR013767	PAS fold	Domain
B	IPR000014	PAS domain	Domain
B	IPR011598	Myc-type, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain	Domain
B	IPR014920	Nuclear receptor coactivator, Ncoa-type, interlocking	Domain
B	IPR035965	PAS domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR028822	Nuclear receptor coactivator 2, basic helix-loop-helix	Domain
B	IPR032565	Nuclear receptor coactivator 2/3, DUF4927	Domain
B	IPR036638	Helix-loop-helix DNA-binding domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A	Pharos: P10275	androgen insensitivity syndrome Kennedy disease prostate cancer breast cancer hypospadias 1, X-linked astrocytic tumor protoplasmic astrocytoma pilocytic astrocytoma breast carcinoma Bulbospinal neuronopathy, X-linked recessive hypertensive disorder childhood cerebral astrocytoma anaplastic astrocytoma juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma androgenetic alopecia androgen insensitivity syndrome Kennedy disease prostate cancer breast cancer hypospadias 1, X-linked astrocytic tumor protoplasmic astrocytoma pilocytic astrocytoma breast carcinoma Bulbospinal neuronopathy, X-linked recessive hypertensive disorder childhood cerebral astrocytoma anaplastic astrocytoma juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma androgenetic alopecia partial androgen insensitivity syndrome female infertility fibrillary astrocytoma male infertility gestational diabetes prostate intraepithelial neoplasia subependymal giant cell astrocytoma alopecia leukemia male breast carcinoma gemistocytic astrocytoma glioblastoma malignant mesothelioma hereditary angioedema psoriasis spinal muscular atrophy hypopituitarism inherited aplastic anemia alcohol withdrawal neurodegenerative disease pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cutaneous lupus erythematosus pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia depressive disorder Klinefelter syndrome familial prostate carcinoma astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma) atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor primitive neuroectodermal tumor prostate carcinoma pseudohermaphroditism medulloblastoma Noonan syndrome intellectual disability pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma Diamond-Blackfan anemia large cell medulloblastoma aplastic anemia pituitary cancer endometriosis atopic eczema autism prostate adenocarcinoma malignant ependymoma hepatocellular carcinoma breast fibrocystic disease carcinoma schizophrenia hypogonadotropic hypogonadism cerebral astrocytoma complete androgen insensitivity syndrome osteosarcoma cryptorchidism interstitial cystitis pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm diffuse astrocytoma polycystic ovary syndrome male reproductive system disease
B	Pharos: Q15596	breast carcinoma prostate cancer psoriasis ulcerative colitis adenoma endometriosis interstitial cystitis Mammary Neoplasms osteosarcoma testicular cancer atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor Crohn disease Gaucher disease large cell medulloblastoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm breast carcinoma prostate cancer psoriasis ulcerative colitis adenoma endometriosis interstitial cystitis Mammary Neoplasms osteosarcoma testicular cancer atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor Crohn disease Gaucher disease large cell medulloblastoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm testicular germ cell tumor breast cancer endogenous depression glioblastoma medulloblastoma plasma cell myeloma

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the National Science Foundation (DBI-1832184), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM133198.