8IRR | pdb_00008irr

Dopamine Receptor D1R-Gs-Rotigotine complex

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
SAbDab Antibody Annotation
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations
Membrane Protein Annotation: PDBTM
Membrane Protein Annotation: MemProtMD
Membrane Protein Annotation: mpstruc

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
E [auth R]	SCOP2B Superfamily	G protein-coupled receptor-like	8102689	3000473	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C [auth G]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Transducin (heterotrimeric G protein), gamma chain	8070798	3001771	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
D [auth N]	2.60.40.10	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Immunoglobulin-like	Immunoglobulins	CATH (utative)
B	2.130.10.10	Mainly Beta	7 Propeller	Methylamine Dehydrogenase	Chain H	CATH (utative)
A	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (utative)

SAbDab Antibody Annotation SAbDab Database Homepage

Chain	Chain Class	Chain Subclass	Chain Type	Antigen Name(s)	Provenance Source
D [auth N]	Heavy Chain	IGHV3	-	guanine nucleotide-binding protein g(s) subunit alphaisoforms short \| guanine nucleotide-binding protein g(i)/g(s)/g(t) subunitbeta-1	SAbDab (2025-11-28)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
E [auth R]	PF00001	7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family) (7tm_1)	7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family)	This family contains, amongst other G-protein-coupled receptors (GCPRs), members of the opsin family, which have been considered to be typical members of the rhodopsin superfamily. They share several motifs, mainly the seven transmembrane helices, GC ...	This family contains, amongst other G-protein-coupled receptors (GCPRs), members of the opsin family, which have been considered to be typical members of the rhodopsin superfamily. They share several motifs, mainly the seven transmembrane helices, GCPRs of the rhodopsin superfamily. All opsins bind a chromophore, such as 11-cis-retinal. The function of most opsins other than the photoisomerases is split into two steps: light absorption and G-protein activation. Photoisomerases, on the other hand, are not coupled to G-proteins - they are thought to generate and supply the chromophore that is used by visual opsins [1].	Domain
C [auth G]	PF00631	GGL domain (G-gamma)	GGL domain	G-protein gamma like domains (GGL) are found in the gamma subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex and in regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins [1]. It is also found fused to an inactive Galpha in the Dictyostelium protein gbqA [2] ...	G-protein gamma like domains (GGL) are found in the gamma subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex and in regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins [1]. It is also found fused to an inactive Galpha in the Dictyostelium protein gbqA [2]. G-gamma likely shares a common origin with the helical N-terminal unit of G-beta [2]. All organisms that posses a G-beta possess a G-gamma [2].	Domain
B	PF00400	WD domain, G-beta repeat (WD40)	WD domain, G-beta repeat	-	Repeat

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
E [auth R]	D(1A) dopamine receptor	protein binding binding arrestin family protein binding neurotransmitter receptor activity dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity molecular transducer activity signaling receptor activity dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gs cation binding ion binding catecholamine binding dopamine binding small molecule binding protein binding binding arrestin family protein binding neurotransmitter receptor activity dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity molecular transducer activity signaling receptor activity dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gs cation binding ion binding catecholamine binding dopamine binding small molecule binding G-protein alpha-subunit binding G protein-coupled receptor activity transmembrane signaling receptor activity protein-containing complex binding heterotrimeric G-protein binding	response to stimulus response to chemical response to xenobiotic stimulus behavior multicellular organismal process system process learning learning or memory nervous system process feeding behavior cognition associative learning conditioned taste aversion D-glucose import response to stimulus response to chemical response to xenobiotic stimulus behavior multicellular organismal process system process learning learning or memory nervous system process feeding behavior cognition associative learning conditioned taste aversion D-glucose import hexose transmembrane transport transport carbohydrate transport establishment of localization transmembrane transport localization D-glucose transmembrane transport cellular process monosaccharide transmembrane transport carbohydrate transmembrane transport trans-synaptic signaling regulation of biological process regulation of signaling regulation of cellular process modulation of chemical synaptic transmission signaling biological regulation cell-cell signaling presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission chemical synaptic transmission cell communication synaptic signaling regulation of trans-synaptic signaling anterograde trans-synaptic signaling regulation of cell communication regulation of amine metabolic process dopamine metabolic process primary metabolic process catechol-containing compound metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process amine metabolic process catecholamine metabolic process phenol-containing compound metabolic process metabolic process regulation of catecholamine metabolic process regulation of metabolic process biogenic amine metabolic process regulation of dopamine metabolic process reproductive process multicellular organismal reproductive process reproductive behavior mating behavior nonassociative learning habituation cellular response to nitrogen compound cellular response to stimulus response to dopamine cellular response to dopamine response to monoamine response to catecholamine cellular response to catecholamine stimulus signal transduction G protein-coupled dopamine receptor signaling pathway response to oxygen-containing compound response to nitrogen compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to monoamine stimulus G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway memory establishment of protein localization cellular localization nitrogen compound transport nucleocytoplasmic transport nuclear transport intracellular transport protein localization to nucleus import into nucleus establishment of protein localization to organelle protein transport establishment of localization in cell macromolecule localization protein localization to organelle protein import into nucleus intracellular protein localization intracellular protein transport cellular developmental process forebrain development central nervous system neuron development cell development substrate-independent telencephalic tangential migration cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation interneuron migration multicellular organism development neurogenesis central nervous system neuron differentiation telencephalon cell migration forebrain cell migration neuron differentiation cell differentiation substrate-independent telencephalic tangential interneuron migration cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration anatomical structure development cell migration cell motility GABAergic neuron differentiation system development developmental process head development interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex neuron migration forebrain generation of neurons animal organ development brain development nervous system development cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron development generation of neurons forebrain neuron development central nervous system development neuron development telencephalon development cerebral cortex neuron differentiation forebrain neuron differentiation astrocyte differentiation glial cell development astrocyte development gliogenesis glial cell differentiation startle response regulation of response to external stimulus neuromuscular process negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of biological process prepulse inhibition response to external stimulus regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of response to external stimulus regulation of localization regulation of potassium ion transport regulation of transport regulation of monoatomic ion transport positive regulation of biological process metal ion transport positive regulation of potassium ion transport positive regulation of transport positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport monoatomic ion transport potassium ion transport monoatomic cation transport regulation of metal ion transport adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway adrenergic receptor signaling pathway adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway transmission of nerve impulse striatum development subpallium development adult walking behavior adult locomotory behavior adult behavior locomotory behavior walking behavior adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis cell junction organization cellular component assembly cell junction assembly synapse organization cellular component organization or biogenesis synapse assembly phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger smooth muscle contraction phasic smooth muscle contraction muscle contraction peristalsis muscle system process modification of postsynaptic structure modification of synaptic structure behavioral response to cocaine response to cocaine response to alkaloid positive regulation of cell communication synaptic transmission, glutamatergic regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic positive regulation of cellular process positive regulation of synaptic transmission positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic positive regulation of signaling maternal behavior parental behavior sensitization positive regulation of locomotion regulation of cell motility regulation of neuron migration positive regulation of cell migration positive regulation of cell motility regulation of cell migration locomotion regulation of locomotion positive regulation of neuron migration monoamine transport import into cell regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission organic hydroxy compound transport catecholamine uptake dopamine transport dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission catecholamine transport regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission neurotransmitter reuptake regulation of neurotransmitter uptake catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission regulation of neurotransmitter transport neurotransmitter transport amine transport neurotransmitter uptake regulation of amine transport synaptic transmission, dopaminergic dopamine uptake response to light stimulus visual learning visual behavior response to radiation response to abiotic stimulus action potential neuronal action potential regulation of biological quality regulation of membrane potential regulation of tube diameter regulation of tube size circulatory system process vascular process in circulatory system blood vessel diameter maintenance vasodilation blood circulation regulation of anatomical structure size positive regulation of signal transduction regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of response to stimulus regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette positive regulation of MAPK cascade positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of MAPK cascade MAPK cascade dentate gyrus development pallium development hippocampus development limbic system development multicellular organismal-level homeostasis homeostatic process temperature homeostasis regulation of calcium ion transport positive regulation of cation transmembrane transport positive regulation of calcium ion transport intracellular calcium ion homeostasis calcium ion transport positive regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport monoatomic cation homeostasis intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol maintenance of location release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol regulation of transmembrane transport chemical homeostasis inorganic ion homeostasis monoatomic ion transmembrane transport calcium ion homeostasis regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport negative regulation of sequestering of calcium ion maintenance of location in cell regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport monoatomic cation transmembrane transport intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis monoatomic ion homeostasis negative regulation of cellular process positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport positive regulation of transmembrane transport intracellular chemical homeostasis positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol regulation of sequestering of calcium ion calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol sequestering of calcium ion cellular homeostasis regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport calcium ion transmembrane transport response to amine response to amphetamine behavioral defense response fear response behavioral fear response defense response response to stress multicellular organismal response to stress negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of synaptic transmission negative regulation of cell communication regulation of synaptic plasticity long-term synaptic depression operant conditioning long-term synaptic potentiation grooming behavior	cell periphery postsynapse cellular anatomical structure postsynaptic membrane synapse cell junction membrane plasma membrane plasma membrane region synaptic membrane protein-containing complex plasma membrane protein complex plasma membrane signaling receptor complex G protein-coupled receptor complex cell periphery postsynapse cellular anatomical structure postsynaptic membrane synapse cell junction membrane plasma membrane plasma membrane region synaptic membrane protein-containing complex plasma membrane protein complex plasma membrane signaling receptor complex G protein-coupled receptor complex membrane protein complex receptor complex presynapse presynaptic membrane glutamatergic synapse neuron spine neuron projection dendritic spine plasma membrane bounded cell projection somatodendritic compartment cell projection dendrite dendritic tree membrane-bounded organelle organelle cilium non-motile cilium GABA-ergic synapse ciliary membrane bounding membrane of organelle organelle membrane cell projection membrane intracellular anatomical structure organelle subcompartment intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system endoplasmic reticulum subcompartment intracellular organelle nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum membrane nucleus
D [auth N]	Nanoboy 35	-	-	-
C [auth G]	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2	protein binding binding G-protein beta-subunit binding	fibroblast proliferation cell population proliferation cellular process cellular response to nitrogen compound cellular response to stimulus response to dopamine regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling cellular response to dopamine response to monoamine cell communication response to catecholamine adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway fibroblast proliferation cell population proliferation cellular process cellular response to nitrogen compound cellular response to stimulus response to dopamine regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling cellular response to dopamine response to monoamine cell communication response to catecholamine adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to catecholamine stimulus signal transduction regulation of biological process G protein-coupled dopamine receptor signaling pathway biological regulation response to oxygen-containing compound response to nitrogen compound adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to monoamine stimulus response to chemical adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway response to ketone response to prostaglandin response to lipid response to endogenous stimulus response to alcohol cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus cellular response to alcohol response to hormone cellular response to lipid response to prostaglandin E cellular response to ketone cellular response to hormone stimulus	cellular anatomical structure membrane protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex cellular anatomical structure membrane protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex extrinsic component of membrane extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle synapse cell junction
B	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1	protein binding binding enzyme binding GTPase binding protein-containing complex binding pyrophosphatase activity GTPase activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity signaling receptor complex adaptor activity protein-macromolecule adaptor activity protein binding binding enzyme binding GTPase binding protein-containing complex binding pyrophosphatase activity GTPase activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity signaling receptor complex adaptor activity protein-macromolecule adaptor activity molecular adaptor activity signaling adaptor activity	multicellular organismal process system process sensory perception of chemical stimulus sensory perception nervous system process sensory perception of taste developmental process sensory organ development eye development animal organ development retina development in camera-type eye visual system development multicellular organism development camera-type eye development multicellular organismal process system process sensory perception of chemical stimulus sensory perception nervous system process sensory perception of taste developmental process sensory organ development eye development animal organ development retina development in camera-type eye visual system development multicellular organism development camera-type eye development anatomical structure development sensory system development system development cell population proliferation cellular process cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling biological regulation signal transduction cell communication response to ketone response to prostaglandin response to lipid response to endogenous stimulus response to alcohol cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to alcohol response to hormone response to chemical cellular response to lipid response to prostaglandin E cellular response to ketone cellular response to hormone stimulus small GTPase-mediated signal transduction Ras protein signal transduction intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular response to nitrogen compound response to dopamine cellular response to dopamine response to monoamine response to catecholamine adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to catecholamine stimulus G protein-coupled dopamine receptor signaling pathway response to nitrogen compound adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular response to monoamine stimulus adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway synaptic signaling cellular response to acetylcholine cell-cell signaling acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway postsynaptic signal transduction G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway response to acetylcholine	cellular anatomical structure membrane protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex cellular anatomical structure membrane protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex extrinsic component of membrane extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle non-motile cilium 9+0 non-motile cilium cilium neuron projection photoreceptor disc membrane photoreceptor outer segment plasma membrane bounded cell projection cell projection photoreceptor cell cilium organelle membrane intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol vacuolar membrane lytic vacuole vacuole intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lytic vacuole membrane bounding membrane of organelle lysosomal membrane lysosome synapse cell junction
A	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms short	-	-	-

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
E [auth R]	IPR000929	Dopamine receptor family	Family
E [auth R]	IPR001413	Dopamine D1 receptor	Family
E [auth R]	IPR000276	G protein-coupled receptor, rhodopsin-like	Family
E [auth R]	IPR017452	GPCR, rhodopsin-like, 7TM	Domain
C [auth G]	IPR001770	G-protein, gamma subunit	Family
C [auth G]	IPR015898	G-protein, gamma subunit-like domain	Domain
C [auth G]	IPR036284	G-protein gamma-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR019775	WD40 repeat, conserved site	Conserved Site
B	IPR020472	PAC1/LIS1-like, WD-40 repeat	Repeat
B	IPR001632	G-protein beta subunit-like, WD40 repeats	Domain
B	IPR015943	WD40/YVTN repeat-like-containing domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR016346	G-protein subunit beta 1-5	Family
B	IPR036322	WD40-repeat-containing domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR001680	WD40 repeat	Repeat

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
E [auth R]	Pharos: P21728	schizophrenia Parkinson disease bipolar disorder cocaine dependence Catalepsy amphetamine abuse visual epilepsy cocaine abuse pilocytic astrocytoma malignant glioma medulloblastoma depressive disorder primitive neuroectodermal tumor glioblastoma malignant ependymoma schizophrenia Parkinson disease bipolar disorder cocaine dependence Catalepsy amphetamine abuse visual epilepsy cocaine abuse pilocytic astrocytoma malignant glioma medulloblastoma depressive disorder primitive neuroectodermal tumor glioblastoma malignant ependymoma autism drug-induced dyskinesia postencephalitic Parkinson disease hypotensive disorder malignant essential hypertension astrocytic tumor movement disorder oligodendroglioma
C [auth G]	Pharos: P59768	pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm pilocytic astrocytoma sarcoidosis ulcerative colitis adrenal cortex carcinoma breast carcinoma Duchenne muscular dystrophy glioblastoma large cell medulloblastoma medulloblastoma ovarian cancer pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia pituitary cancer Sjogren syndrome X-linked mixed deafness with perilymphatic gusher pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm pilocytic astrocytoma sarcoidosis ulcerative colitis adrenal cortex carcinoma breast carcinoma Duchenne muscular dystrophy glioblastoma large cell medulloblastoma medulloblastoma ovarian cancer pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia pituitary cancer Sjogren syndrome X-linked mixed deafness with perilymphatic gusher astrocytic tumor Crohn disease ductal breast carcinoma in situ interstitial cystitis lung carcinoma non-small cell lung carcinoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma Pick disease primitive neuroectodermal tumor thoracic aortic aneurysm atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor cystic fibrosis Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy invasive ductal breast carcinoma malignant ependymoma osteosarcoma
B	Pharos: P62873	intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 42 melancholia intellectual disability endogenous depression medulloblastoma myopathy ovarian cancer Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia Lymphoma anxiety disorder Sjogren syndrome chronic kidney disease juvenile dermatomyositis lung adenocarcinoma neurotic disorder pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 42 melancholia intellectual disability endogenous depression medulloblastoma myopathy ovarian cancer Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia Lymphoma anxiety disorder Sjogren syndrome chronic kidney disease juvenile dermatomyositis lung adenocarcinoma neurotic disorder pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma breast cancer Duchenne muscular dystrophy leukemia, acute lymphocytic, susceptibility to, 1 malignant pancreatic neoplasm myelodysplastic syndrome osteosarcoma plasma cell myeloma rheumatoid arthritis swine influenza childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia depressive disorder

Membrane Protein Annotation: PDBTM PDBTM Database Homepage

Chains	External Link	Comment
C [auth G], E [auth R]	PDBTM	Annotated as membrane protein by PDBTM

Membrane Protein Annotation: MemProtMD MemProtMD Database Homepage

Chains	External Link	Comment
C [auth G], E [auth R]	MemProtMD	Annotated as membrane protein by MemProtMD

Membrane Protein Annotation: mpstruc mpstruc Database Homepage

Chains	Resource Link	Group	Subgroup	Protein
C [auth G], E [auth R]	mpstruc	TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS: ALPHA-HELICAL	G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Class A	Dopamine D₁ Receptor-G_s complex with bound rotigotine

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.