5M2M

Complex between human TNF alpha and Llama VHH3

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification
Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
IMGT Antibody Annotation
SAbDab Antibody Annotation
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification SCOP-e Database Homepage

Chains	Domain Info	Class	Fold	Superfamily	Family	Domain	Species	Provenance Source (Version)
A	d5m2ma_	All beta proteins	TNF-like	TNF-like	TNF-like	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
B	d5m2mb_	All beta proteins	TNF-like	TNF-like	TNF-like	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
C	d5m2mc_	All beta proteins	TNF-like	TNF-like	TNF-like	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
I	d5m2mi_	All beta proteins	TNF-like	TNF-like	TNF-like	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
K [auth M]	d5m2mm_	All beta proteins	TNF-like	TNF-like	TNF-like	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
G	d5m2mg_	All beta proteins	TNF-like	TNF-like	TNF-like	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D	d5m2md1	All beta proteins	Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	Immunoglobulin	V set domains (antibody variable domain-like)	automated matches	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D	d5m2md2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
F	d5m2mf1	All beta proteins	Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	Immunoglobulin	V set domains (antibody variable domain-like)	automated matches	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
F	d5m2mf2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
H	d5m2mh1	All beta proteins	Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	Immunoglobulin	V set domains (antibody variable domain-like)	automated matches	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
H	d5m2mh2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
J	d5m2mj1	All beta proteins	Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	Immunoglobulin	V set domains (antibody variable domain-like)	automated matches	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
J	d5m2mj2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
L [auth N]	d5m2mn1	All beta proteins	Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	Immunoglobulin	V set domains (antibody variable domain-like)	automated matches	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
L [auth N]	d5m2mn2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
E	d5m2me1	All beta proteins	Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	Immunoglobulin	V set domains (antibody variable domain-like)	automated matches	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
E	d5m2me2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	(Lama glama ) [TaxId: 9844 ],	SCOPe (2.08)

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	TNF-like	8041219	3000061	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	TNF-like	8041219	3000061	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	TNF-like	8041219	3000061	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
I	SCOP2B Superfamily	TNF-like	8041219	3000061	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
K [auth M]	SCOP2B Superfamily	TNF-like	8041219	3000061	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
G	SCOP2B Superfamily	TNF-like	8041219	3000061	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	PF00229	e5m2mA1	A: beta sandwiches	X: jelly-roll	H: TNF-like (From Topology)	T: TNF-like	F: PF00229	ECOD (1.6)
B	PF00229	e5m2mB1	A: beta sandwiches	X: jelly-roll	H: TNF-like (From Topology)	T: TNF-like	F: PF00229	ECOD (1.6)
C	PF00229	e5m2mC1	A: beta sandwiches	X: jelly-roll	H: TNF-like (From Topology)	T: TNF-like	F: PF00229	ECOD (1.6)
I	PF00229	e5m2mI1	A: beta sandwiches	X: jelly-roll	H: TNF-like (From Topology)	T: TNF-like	F: PF00229	ECOD (1.6)
K [auth M]	PF00229	e5m2mM1	A: beta sandwiches	X: jelly-roll	H: TNF-like (From Topology)	T: TNF-like	F: PF00229	ECOD (1.6)
G	PF00229	e5m2mG1	A: beta sandwiches	X: jelly-roll	H: TNF-like (From Topology)	T: TNF-like	F: PF00229	ECOD (1.6)
D	PF07686	e5m2mD1	A: beta sandwiches	X: Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	H: Immunoglobulin-related	T: Immunoglobulin/Fibronectin type III/E set domains/PapD-like	F: PF07686	ECOD (1.6)
F	PF07686	e5m2mF1	A: beta sandwiches	X: Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	H: Immunoglobulin-related	T: Immunoglobulin/Fibronectin type III/E set domains/PapD-like	F: PF07686	ECOD (1.6)
H	PF07686	e5m2mH1	A: beta sandwiches	X: Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	H: Immunoglobulin-related	T: Immunoglobulin/Fibronectin type III/E set domains/PapD-like	F: PF07686	ECOD (1.6)
J	PF07686	e5m2mJ1	A: beta sandwiches	X: Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	H: Immunoglobulin-related	T: Immunoglobulin/Fibronectin type III/E set domains/PapD-like	F: PF07686	ECOD (1.6)
L [auth N]	PF07686	e5m2mN1	A: beta sandwiches	X: Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	H: Immunoglobulin-related	T: Immunoglobulin/Fibronectin type III/E set domains/PapD-like	F: PF07686	ECOD (1.6)
E	PF07686	e5m2mE1	A: beta sandwiches	X: Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich	H: Immunoglobulin-related	T: Immunoglobulin/Fibronectin type III/E set domains/PapD-like	F: PF07686	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	2.60.120.40	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Jelly Rolls		CATH (4.3.0)
B	2.60.120.40	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Jelly Rolls		CATH (4.3.0)
C	2.60.120.40	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Jelly Rolls		CATH (4.3.0)
I	2.60.120.40	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Jelly Rolls		CATH (4.3.0)
K [auth M]	2.60.120.40	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Jelly Rolls		CATH (4.3.0)
G	2.60.120.40	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Jelly Rolls		CATH (4.3.0)
D	2.60.40.10	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Immunoglobulin-like	Immunoglobulins	CATH (4.3.0)
F	2.60.40.10	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Immunoglobulin-like	Immunoglobulins	CATH (4.3.0)
H	2.60.40.10	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Immunoglobulin-like	Immunoglobulins	CATH (4.3.0)
J	2.60.40.10	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Immunoglobulin-like	Immunoglobulins	CATH (4.3.0)
L [auth N]	2.60.40.10	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Immunoglobulin-like	Immunoglobulins	CATH (4.3.0)
E	2.60.40.10	Mainly Beta	Sandwich	Immunoglobulin-like	Immunoglobulins	CATH (4.3.0)

IMGT Antibody Annotation IMGT Database Homepage

Chain	Protein Name	Description	Organism Name	Gene Allele Name(s)	Domain Name(s)	Receptor Type	Receptor Description	Provenance Source
A, B, C, G, I, A, B, C, G, I, K [auth M]	Tumor necrosis factor	TNF	Homo sapiens (human)	TNF*01	R-LIKE-DOMAIN TNF (Pr77-233)	RPI	TNF	IMGT (202416-0)
D, E, F, H, J, D, E, F, H, J, L [auth N]	VHH 3	VH	Lama glama (llama)	IGHV3S101, IGHJ401	V-DOMAIN VH	IG	VH	IMGT (202416-0)

SAbDab Antibody Annotation SAbDab Database Homepage

Chain	Chain Class	Chain Subclass	Chain Type	Antigen Name(s)	Provenance Source
D, E, F, H, J, D, E, F, H, J, L [auth N]	Heavy Chain	IGHV1	-	tumor necrosis factor	SAbDab (2024-04-26)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A, B, C, G, I, A, B, C, G, I, K [auth M]	PF00229	TNF(Tumour Necrosis Factor) family (TNF)	TNF(Tumour Necrosis Factor) family	-	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A, B, C, G, I, A, B, C, G, I, K [auth M]	Tumor necrosis factor	protein binding binding molecular function activator activity signaling receptor binding death receptor agonist activity molecular function regulator activity signaling receptor regulator activity receptor ligand activity signaling receptor activator activity identical protein binding cytokine activity enzyme binding protease binding cytokine receptor binding protein binding binding molecular function activator activity signaling receptor binding death receptor agonist activity molecular function regulator activity signaling receptor regulator activity receptor ligand activity signaling receptor activator activity identical protein binding cytokine activity enzyme binding protease binding cytokine receptor binding tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily binding tumor necrosis factor receptor binding DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding double-stranded DNA binding organic cyclic compound binding nucleic acid binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding	regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process regulation of biological process biological regulation positive regulation of biological process reactive nitrogen species metabolic process positive regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process nitric oxide metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process nitric oxide biosynthetic process biosynthetic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process metabolic process regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process regulation of biological process biological regulation positive regulation of biological process reactive nitrogen species metabolic process positive regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process nitric oxide metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process nitric oxide biosynthetic process biosynthetic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process metabolic process regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process regulation of metabolic process cellular component disassembly positive regulation of cellular component organization regulation of cellular process regulation of cellular component organization protein-containing complex organization protein-containing complex disassembly regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly cellular component organization cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly positive regulation of cellular process positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity cellular biosynthetic process RNA metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process positive regulation of molecular function nucleic acid biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process organic substance metabolic process organic substance biosynthetic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process cellular metabolic process primary metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of molecular function organic cyclic compound metabolic process regulation of gene expression regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription macromolecule metabolic process response to hexose response to organic substance response to monosaccharide response to carbohydrate response to stimulus response to chemical response to oxygen-containing compound response to fructose leukocyte migration defense response response to stress immune system process cell migration inflammatory response leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response cell motility positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of miRNA metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process miRNA metabolic process positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of miRNA transcription positive regulation of cellular metabolic process positive regulation of miRNA metabolic process miRNA transcription positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process ncRNA metabolic process positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of miRNA transcription positive regulation of organelle organization regulation of mitotic nuclear division positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division mitotic cell cycle regulation of mitotic cell cycle positive regulation of cell cycle process cell cycle regulation of cell cycle cell cycle process mitotic nuclear division regulation of cell cycle process organelle fission positive regulation of nuclear division regulation of organelle organization positive regulation of cell cycle organelle organization nuclear division mitotic cell cycle process regulation of nuclear division multicellular organismal process positive regulation of interleukin-8 production cytokine production regulation of cytokine production regulation of multicellular organismal process interleukin-8 production positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of multicellular organismal process positive regulation of cytokine production regulation of interleukin-8 production regulation of chemokine production chemokine production positive regulation of chemokine production cellular developmental process astrocyte differentiation cell development astrocyte activation glial cell development multicellular organism development neurogenesis astrocyte development gliogenesis cell differentiation anatomical structure development system development developmental process cell activation nervous system development central nervous system development glial cell differentiation glial cell activation neuroinflammatory response cellular response to stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to toxic substance response to toxic substance inflammatory response to wounding response to wounding positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway response to biotic stimulus cell communication immune response-activating signaling pathway positive regulation of immune response regulation of immune system process signal transduction positive regulation of immune system process innate immune response-activating signaling pathway immune response response to other organism regulation of innate immune response response to external stimulus regulation of response to stimulus defense response to other organism positive regulation of defense response activation of innate immune response regulation of immune response activation of immune response cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway regulation of defense response regulation of response to biotic stimulus biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms regulation of response to external stimulus intracellular receptor signaling pathway signaling positive regulation of response to stimulus endolysosomal toll-like receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of response to external stimulus immune response-regulating signaling pathway regulation of response to stress innate immune response response to external biotic stimulus positive regulation of innate immune response defense response to symbiont toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway response to cytokine response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor positive regulation of cell communication trans-synaptic signaling regulation of signaling modulation of chemical synaptic transmission positive regulation of synaptic transmission cell-cell signaling chemical synaptic transmission synaptic signaling regulation of trans-synaptic signaling anterograde trans-synaptic signaling regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signaling negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process negative regulation of RNA metabolic process negative regulation of cellular process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process fat cell differentiation regulation of developmental process negative regulation of developmental process regulation of cell differentiation negative regulation of fat cell differentiation negative regulation of cell differentiation regulation of fat cell differentiation regulation of fractalkine production fractalkine production positive regulation of fractalkine production detection of external stimulus detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain system process detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain nervous system process response to mechanical stimulus sensory perception of pain detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception sensory perception of mechanical stimulus detection of abiotic stimulus detection of stimulus sensory perception detection of mechanical stimulus response to abiotic stimulus detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception negative regulation of cellular component organization negative regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly positive regulation of signal transduction regulation of signal transduction regulation of programmed cell death extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of programmed cell death cell surface receptor signaling pathway regulation of apoptotic process positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway cell death positive regulation of apoptotic process regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway apoptotic signaling pathway apoptotic process programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway catabolic process positive regulation of protein metabolic process macromolecule catabolic process protein metabolic process organonitrogen compound catabolic process organonitrogen compound metabolic process regulation of protein metabolic process protein catabolic process regulation of catabolic process positive regulation of protein catabolic process positive regulation of catabolic process organic substance catabolic process regulation of protein catabolic process regulation of synapse organization cell junction organization regulation of synapse structure or activity synapse organization regulation of biological quality bicellular tight junction assembly tight junction organization cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly negative regulation of cell junction assembly cell junction assembly cell-cell junction assembly cell-cell junction organization regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly apical junction assembly regulation of cellular component biogenesis regulation of cell junction assembly tight junction assembly negative regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly blood microparticle formation positive regulation of developmental process anatomical structure morphogenesis regulation of blood microparticle formation anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis positive regulation of blood microparticle formation regulation of catalytic activity positive regulation of catalytic activity regulation of oxidoreductase activity positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity regulation of monooxygenase activity positive regulation of monooxygenase activity positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity regulation of action potential positive regulation of action potential action potential regulation of membrane potential cell adhesion positive regulation of cell adhesion regulation of cell adhesion negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of cell communication negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of programmed cell death negative regulation of signal transduction negative regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of miRNA transcription negative regulation of miRNA metabolic process response to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine response to acid chemical response to organonitrogen compound response to nitrogen compound response to amino acid response to organic cyclic compound angiogenesis regulation of vasculature development regulation of response to wounding tube morphogenesis vascular wound healing regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis blood vessel development wound healing regulation of multicellular organismal development blood vessel morphogenesis tube development negative regulation of blood vessel morphogenesis negative regulation of wound healing angiogenesis involved in wound healing negative regulation of angiogenesis negative regulation of response to wounding vasculature development circulatory system development negative regulation of vasculature development regulation of angiogenesis negative regulation of response to external stimulus regulation of wound healing negative regulation of vascular wound healing negative regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of vascular wound healing cellular response to nicotine response to nicotine regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction intracellular signal transduction regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure circulatory system process regulation of blood pressure negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure blood circulation negative regulation of blood pressure myeloid leukocyte differentiation hemopoiesis myeloid cell differentiation osteoclast differentiation leukocyte differentiation regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response cytokine production involved in inflammatory response positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response positive regulation of nervous system development positive regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of neurogenesis regulation of gliogenesis positive regulation of glial cell proliferation positive regulation of gliogenesis regulation of cell development regulation of nervous system development regulation of glial cell proliferation positive regulation of cell differentiation positive regulation of neurogenesis cell population proliferation positive regulation of cell development regulation of cell population proliferation glial cell proliferation cellular response to nitrogen compound response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to amyloid-beta cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to organonitrogen compound cellular response to organic substance response to amyloid-beta regulation of type II interferon production type II interferon production positive regulation of type II interferon production positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell leukocyte cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion cell-cell adhesion leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion regulation of cell-cell adhesion leukocyte tethering or rolling cellular extravasation endothelial cell apoptotic process epithelial cell apoptotic process interleukin-6 production regulation of interleukin-6 production negative regulation of cytokine production negative regulation of interleukin-6 production negative regulation of gene expression positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell interleukin-1 production regulation of interleukin-1 beta production positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production positive regulation of interleukin-1 production regulation of interleukin-1 production interleukin-1 beta production positive regulation of JNK cascade JNK cascade positive regulation of MAPK cascade regulation of JNK cascade regulation of MAPK cascade MAPK cascade macrophage activation involved in immune response cell activation involved in immune response myeloid cell activation involved in immune response myeloid leukocyte activation leukocyte activation immune effector process macrophage activation leukocyte activation involved in immune response protein localization regulation of localization cellular localization regulation of protein localization positive regulation of protein localization to cell surface localization protein localization to cell surface regulation of cellular localization cellular macromolecule localization macromolecule localization positive regulation of protein localization regulation of protein localization to cell surface response to decreased oxygen levels response to hypoxia response to oxygen levels cytokine-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to tumor necrosis factor tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to cytokine stimulus response to tumor necrosis factor positive regulation of phosphorylation positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process regulation of phosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process protein modification process phosphorus metabolic process positive regulation of protein phosphorylation I-kappaB phosphorylation protein phosphorylation positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process phosphorylation macromolecule modification regulation of phosphorus metabolic process regulation of protein modification process regulation of protein phosphorylation positive regulation of protein modification process positive regulation of I-kappaB phosphorylation canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction regulation of phosphorylation regulation of I-kappaB phosphorylation response to nutrient levels negative regulation of catabolic process lipid catabolic process regulation of lipid metabolic process regulation of lipid catabolic process negative regulation of lipid metabolic process negative regulation of lipid catabolic process lipid metabolic process positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis cellular catabolic process regulation of proteolysis proteolysis membrane protein proteolysis membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis positive regulation of proteolysis regulation of cellular catabolic process positive regulation of cellular catabolic process muscle structure development negative regulation of myoblast differentiation regulation of myoblast differentiation myoblast differentiation transport negative regulation of transport negative regulation of secretion monocarboxylic acid transport regulation of bile acid secretion bile acid secretion organic anion transport carboxylic acid transport regulation of transport secretion negative regulation of bile acid secretion organic substance transport acid secretion establishment of localization regulation of secretion organic acid transport negative regulation of organic acid transport regulation of organic acid transport adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains regulation of humoral immune response lymphocyte mediated immunity regulation of immune effector process humoral immune response positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity positive regulation of B cell mediated immunity humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin positive regulation of humoral immune response regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response leukocyte mediated immunity positive regulation of immune effector process positive regulation of adaptive immune response positive regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin regulation of adaptive immune response immunoglobulin mediated immune response adaptive immune response regulation of B cell mediated immunity regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity B cell mediated immunity regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation smooth muscle cell proliferation positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation muscle cell proliferation vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation response to lipid cellular response to lipopolysaccharide cellular response to molecule of bacterial origin response to lipopolysaccharide cellular response to biotic stimulus response to bacterium cellular response to lipid response to molecule of bacterial origin calcium-mediated signaling positive regulation of peptidase activity positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process regulation of endopeptidase activity regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity regulation of peptidase activity positive regulation of hydrolase activity positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity regulation of hydrolase activity positive regulation of endopeptidase activity response to corticosteroid response to hormone response to steroid hormone response to glucocorticoid regulation of tube diameter regulation of tube size vascular process in circulatory system blood vessel diameter maintenance vasodilation regulation of anatomical structure size cellular response to stress DNA damage response intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway defense response to virus antiviral innate immune response response to virus chronic inflammatory response chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus epidermis development molting cycle process regulation of hair cycle skin epidermis development hair follicle development epithelium development hair cycle animal organ development tissue development positive regulation of hair follicle development skin development molting cycle regulation of hair follicle development hair cycle process positive regulation of locomotion regulation of cell motility positive regulation of cell migration positive regulation of cell motility positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration regulation of cell migration regulation of mononuclear cell migration locomotion regulation of leukocyte migration positive regulation of leukocyte migration regulation of locomotion mononuclear cell migration cell surface receptor signaling pathway via STAT positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier endothelium development epithelial cell differentiation regulation of epithelial cell differentiation endothelial cell development regulation of endothelial cell development endothelial cell differentiation regulation of endothelial cell differentiation epithelial cell development establishment of endothelial barrier regulation of DNA biosynthetic process positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process DNA metabolic process positive regulation of DNA metabolic process DNA biosynthetic process regulation of DNA metabolic process protein dephosphorylation regulation of phosphatase activity negative regulation of catalytic activity negative regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity negative regulation of protein modification process negative regulation of dephosphorylation negative regulation of protein metabolic process regulation of dephosphorylation dephosphorylation negative regulation of hydrolase activity negative regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity negative regulation of protein dephosphorylation negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity negative regulation of phosphatase activity regulation of protein dephosphorylation negative regulation of molecular function negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process negative regulation of amyloid-beta clearance amyloid-beta clearance regulation of amyloid-beta clearance synaptic transmission, glutamatergic regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic reactive oxygen species metabolic process regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process positive regulation of neuroinflammatory response regulation of inflammatory response positive regulation of inflammatory response regulation of neuroinflammatory response acute-phase response regulation of heat generation homeostatic process positive regulation of heat generation positive regulation of acute inflammatory response heat generation positive regulation of fever generation acute inflammatory response fever generation multicellular organismal-level homeostasis temperature homeostasis regulation of acute inflammatory response regulation of fever generation response to xenobiotic stimulus positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane regulation of protein localization to membrane positive regulation of protein localization to cell periphery protein localization to cell periphery protein localization to plasma membrane positive regulation of protein localization to membrane localization within membrane regulation of protein localization to cell periphery protein localization to membrane regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane extracellular matrix organization extracellular structure organization external encapsulating structure organization regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation peptidyl-serine modification peptidyl-serine phosphorylation peptidyl-amino acid modification positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation response to retinoic acid cellular response to retinoic acid negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response negative regulation of immune effector process negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response cytokine production involved in immune response production of molecular mediator of immune response negative regulation of immune system process response to Gram-negative bacterium response to transition metal nanoparticle response to gold nanoparticle heterotypic cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion negative regulation of neurogenesis negative regulation of nervous system development negative regulation of cell development transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response microglial cell activation response to osmotic stress response to salt stress positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction rhythmic process circadian rhythm negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand signal transduction in absence of ligand negative regulation of signal transduction in absence of ligand negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade ERK1 and ERK2 cascade regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade response to activity calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade regulation of calcineurin-mediated signaling positive regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade regulation of calcium-mediated signaling positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade positive regulation of calcineurin-mediated signaling calcineurin-mediated signaling multicellular organismal movement musculoskeletal movement neuromuscular process skeletal muscle contraction muscle contraction muscle system process striated muscle contraction gland development animal organ regeneration liver development regeneration hepaticobiliary system development liver regeneration regulation of amide metabolic process amyloid precursor protein catabolic process regulation of amyloid-beta formation positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process amyloid-beta metabolic process amide metabolic process amyloid precursor protein metabolic process amyloid-beta formation positive regulation of amide metabolic process positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process regulation of transferase activity regulation of MAP kinase activity positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity positive regulation of MAP kinase activity positive regulation of kinase activity regulation of kinase activity regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity positive regulation of protein kinase activity positive regulation of transferase activity regulation of protein kinase activity response to type II interferon cellular response to type II interferon immunoglobulin production regulation of immunoglobulin production response to isolation stress negative regulation of viral genome replication viral life cycle negative regulation of viral process regulation of viral process regulation of viral life cycle viral genome replication viral process regulation of viral genome replication heart process negative regulation of heart rate regulation of heart contraction regulation of system process negative regulation of blood circulation negative regulation of heart contraction regulation of blood circulation heart contraction regulation of heart rate positive regulation of interleukin-18 production regulation of interleukin-18 production interleukin-18 production negative regulation of cell population proliferation endothelial cell proliferation negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation regulation of endothelial cell proliferation regulation of epithelial cell proliferation epithelial cell proliferation negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation negative regulation of proteolysis negative regulation of endopeptidase activity negative regulation of peptidase activity negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation regulation of synoviocyte proliferation synoviocyte proliferation positive regulation of synoviocyte proliferation fat-soluble vitamin metabolic process vitamin biosynthetic process vitamin D biosynthetic process positive regulation of vitamin metabolic process regulation of small molecule metabolic process positive regulation of lipid metabolic process small molecule metabolic process regulation of vitamin metabolic process positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process regulation of steroid biosynthetic process steroid metabolic process organic hydroxy compound metabolic process lipid biosynthetic process steroid biosynthetic process small molecule biosynthetic process regulation of steroid metabolic process vitamin D metabolic process regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process vitamin metabolic process positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process fat-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process positive regulation of steroid metabolic process regulation of lipid biosynthetic process positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process neutrophil activation regulation of leukocyte activation regulation of neutrophil activation regulation of cell activation positive regulation of cell activation positive regulation of leukocyte activation positive regulation of neutrophil activation granulocyte activation positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly regulation of protein-containing complex assembly protein-containing complex assembly positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus regulation of chronic inflammatory response regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus neuron apoptotic process positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process regulation of neuron apoptotic process cognition negative regulation of nervous system process regulation of myelination axon ensheathment ensheathment of neurons regulation of nervous system process myelination negative regulation of myelination lipid storage lipid localization negative regulation of lipid localization maintenance of location regulation of lipid storage regulation of lipid localization negative regulation of lipid storage necroptotic process programmed necrotic cell death necroptotic signaling pathway extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors monosaccharide metabolic process carbohydrate metabolic process hexose metabolic process glucose metabolic process chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production establishment of protein localization nitrogen compound transport regulation of peptide hormone secretion regulation of hormone levels establishment of protein localization to extracellular region protein secretion regulation of protein secretion regulation of hormone secretion regulation of peptide secretion hormone secretion protein localization to extracellular region peptide secretion secretion by cell regulation of secretion by cell amide transport signal release regulation of peptide transport regulation of establishment of protein localization export from cell regulation of protein transport peptide transport protein transport regulation of insulin secretion peptide hormone secretion hormone transport insulin secretion negative regulation of locomotion regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration endothelial cell migration negative regulation of endothelial cell migration negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration tissue migration negative regulation of epithelial cell migration ameboidal-type cell migration blood vessel endothelial cell migration regulation of endothelial cell migration epithelial cell migration regulation of epithelial cell migration negative regulation of cell migration epithelium migration negative regulation of cell motility positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity actin cytoskeleton organization cortical actin cytoskeleton organization cortical cytoskeleton organization actin filament-based process cytoskeleton organization cellular response to acid chemical cellular response to amino acid stimulus membrane lipid metabolic process regulation of membrane lipid metabolic process cellular lipid metabolic process positive regulation of JUN kinase activity regulation of JUN kinase activity response to L-glutamate non-membrane-bounded organelle assembly positive regulation of podosome assembly regulation of podosome assembly organelle assembly podosome assembly regulation of organelle assembly positive regulation of organelle assembly regulation of superoxide dismutase activity positive regulation of superoxide dismutase activity negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube respiratory tube development regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis lung morphogenesis lung development respiratory system development animal organ morphogenesis regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium epithelial tube morphogenesis regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure morphogenesis of an epithelium tissue morphogenesis morphogenesis of a branching structure negative regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis morphogenesis of a branching epithelium positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction vascular endothelial growth factor production positive regulation of interleukin-6 production regulation of osteoblast differentiation negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation osteoblast differentiation ossification salivary gland development gland morphogenesis epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis salivary gland morphogenesis exocrine system development positive regulation of establishment of protein localization positive regulation of protein transport positive regulation of transport digestive system development embryo development digestive tract development embryonic organ development embryonic digestive tract development hexose transmembrane transport glucose import carbohydrate transport negative regulation of transmembrane transport glucose transmembrane transport regulation of glucose import transmembrane transport negative regulation of glucose import regulation of glucose transmembrane transport negative regulation of glucose transmembrane transport regulation of transmembrane transport monosaccharide transmembrane transport carbohydrate transmembrane transport aerobic respiration cellular respiration oxidative phosphorylation energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds negative regulation of cellular respiration regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy regulation of cellular respiration negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation generation of precursor metabolites and energy regulation of aerobic respiration regulation of oxidative phosphorylation regulation of signaling receptor activity negative regulation of signaling receptor activity regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction positive regulation of interleukin-33 production regulation of interleukin-33 production interleukin-33 production response to alcohol response to ethanol regulation of hepatocyte proliferation liver morphogenesis epithelial cell proliferation involved in liver morphogenesis hepatocyte proliferation positive regulation of hepatocyte proliferation tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein peptidyl-tyrosine modification positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation sequestering of triglyceride organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process positive regulation of translation post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression translational initiation regulation of translational initiation by iron regulation of translational initiation positive regulation of translational initiation by iron translation regulation of translation positive regulation of translational initiation branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis regulation of animal organ morphogenesis defense response to Gram-positive bacterium defense response to bacterium import into cell negative regulation of amino acid transport negative regulation of amine transport carboxylic acid transmembrane transport amino acid transmembrane transport L-amino acid transport L-glutamate import regulation of L-glutamate import across plasma membrane regulation of amino acid transport regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport negative regulation of L-glutamate import across plasma membrane L-glutamate import across plasma membrane organic acid transmembrane transport import across plasma membrane amino acid transport amine transport acidic amino acid transport regulation of amino acid import across plasma membrane dicarboxylic acid transport L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transport amino acid import across plasma membrane regulation of amine transport L-glutamate transmembrane transport negative regulation of cell cycle negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle regulation of leukocyte differentiation positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation regulation of osteoclast differentiation positive regulation of hemopoiesis regulation of myeloid cell differentiation regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation regulation of hemopoiesis positive regulation of leukocyte differentiation	phagocytic cup cell periphery plasma membrane membrane cellular anatomical entity extracellular region extracellular space somatodendritic compartment cell body neuronal cell body membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure endosome intracellular vesicle phagocytic cup cell periphery plasma membrane membrane cellular anatomical entity extracellular region extracellular space somatodendritic compartment cell body neuronal cell body membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure endosome intracellular vesicle intracellular membrane-bounded organelle recycling endosome endomembrane system intracellular organelle cytoplasmic vesicle organelle cytoplasm vesicle cell surface membrane microdomain membrane raft external side of plasma membrane side of membrane
D, E, F, H, J, D, E, F, H, J, L [auth N]	Llama nanobody VHH3	-	-	-

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A, B, C, G, I, A, B, C, G, I, K [auth M]	IPR008983	Tumour necrosis factor-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, B, C, G, I, A, B, C, G, I, K [auth M]	IPR006053	Tumour necrosis factor	Family
A, B, C, G, I, A, B, C, G, I, K [auth M]	IPR002959	Tumour necrosis factor alpha	Family
A, B, C, G, I, A, B, C, G, I, K [auth M]	IPR021184	Tumour necrosis factor, conserved site	Conserved Site
A, B, C, G, I, A, B, C, G, I, K [auth M]	IPR006052	Tumour necrosis factor domain	Domain

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A, B, C, G, I, A, B, C, G, I, K [auth M]	Pharos: P01375	psoriatic arthritis ulcerative colitis Crohn disease hypertensive disorder rheumatoid arthritis malaria pulmonary edema asthma Alzheimer disease hypercalcemia disease anthracosis leishmaniasis hepatic encephalopathy obesity disorder melanoma psoriatic arthritis ulcerative colitis Crohn disease hypertensive disorder rheumatoid arthritis malaria pulmonary edema asthma Alzheimer disease hypercalcemia disease anthracosis leishmaniasis hepatic encephalopathy obesity disorder melanoma Wilson disease inflammatory bowel disease transitional cell carcinoma psoriasis glomerulonephritis status epilepticus juvenile idiopathic arthritis hemolytic-uremic syndrome listeriosis polymyositis occupational asthma localized scleroderma dermatomyositis allergic disease sickle cell anemia atherosclerosis type 2 diabetes mellitus cardiomyopathy malignant glioma anemia pneumonia liver disease Fanconi anemia oral submucous fibrosis hereditary hemochromatosis trigeminal neuralgia cancer narcolepsy Lung Injury tubular adenocarcinoma granular cell carcinoma coronary artery disease bacterial arthritis peripheral neuropathy drug allergy urinary bladder cancer bipolar disorder acute coronary syndrome mixed glioma venous thromboembolism brain ischemia adenocarcinoma visceral leishmaniasis thyroid adenoma breast carcinoma chronic beryllium disease scleroderma colitis allergic contact dermatitis colorectal cancer cardiac arrest pulmonary emphysema skin disease pulmonary hypertension Guillain-Barre syndrome congestive heart failure spindle cell sarcoma intrahepatic cholestasis coronary restenosis malignant colon neoplasm neuralgia placenta disease vascular disease refractory anemia migraine with or without aura, susceptibility to, 1 cutaneous leishmaniasis pleurisy acute liver failure thrombotic disease sarcoma postmenopausal osteoporosis chronic kidney disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease bronchiectasis myocardial stunning asbestosis HIV wasting syndrome tuberculosis pulmonary fibrosis gastric ulcer Parkinson disease cardiovirus infectious disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 nervous system disorder hyperhomocysteinemia urticaria hypoglycemia cerebrovascular disorder hepatic coma brain edema liver cancer manganese poisoning extrahepatic cholestasis cholestasis retinal disease inborn mitochondrial myopathy muscular atrophy schizophrenia thyroid gland carcinoma myocardial infarction toxic shock syndrome alcoholic liver cirrhosis myocarditis colonic neoplasm lung carcinoma hidradenitis suppurativa gastric cancer pancreatic neoplasm Hodgkins lymphoma glioma congenital diaphragmatic hernia autism spectrum disorder diarrheal disease interstitial lung disease Hashimoto thyroiditis pyoderma gangrenosum juvenile dermatomyositis heart failure benign connective and soft tissue neoplasm pilocytic astrocytoma drug-induced liver injury uveitis vasculitis cervical cancer neurodegenerative disease respiratory system disease linear scleroderma non-alcoholic fatty liver disease hepatitis B virus infection cutaneous melanoma maturity-onset diabetes of the young pneumonitis ileocolitis multiple organ dysfunction syndrome rheumatic disorder arteriosclerosis disorder dementia adult acute respiratory distress syndrome sarcoidosis osteoporosis myocardial ischemia lung adenocarcinoma hereditary hyperbilirubinemia desmoid tumor inherited lipid metabolism disorder myopathy lung disease arthropathy HIV infectious disease injury gastric neoplasm pancreatitis type 1 diabetes mellitus lytic metastatic bone lesion autoimmune disease periodontitis pustulosis palmaris et plantaris Behcet disease peritonitis hyperglycemia urinary bladder neoplasm cribriform carcinoma Stevens-Johnson syndrome metabolic syndrome X laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma ankylosing spondylitis anxiety disorder Crohn's colitis malignant pancreatic neoplasm bone marrow disease hypotensive disorder acute kidney failure epithelioid sarcoma chlamydia infectious disease inborn carbohydrate metabolic disorder vitiligo liver neoplasm arthritic joint disease hepatocellular carcinoma Dengue hemorrhagic fever thyroid cancer membranous glomerulonephritis breast disease infectious meningitis osteosarcoma hereditary diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma toxic encephalopathy influenza alcoholic hepatitis colonic disease lung benign neoplasm inherited susceptibility to asthma myositis colorectal carcinoma alopecia areata lymphatic system disease interstitial cystitis squamous cell lung carcinoma major depressive disorder peripheral nervous system disease hyperbilirubinemia ischemia reperfusion injury heart disease COVID-19 benign colon neoplasm kidney disease cribriform carcinoma of breast migraine disorder encephalitis synovitis MALT lymphoma leukopenia cutaneous lupus erythematosus brain injury idiopathic interstitial pneumonia acute myeloid leukemia vertebral column disease breast cancer SAPHO syndrome depressive disorder fatty liver disease burn prostate disease inherited aplastic anemia

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM133198.