Annotations: 2KC3

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	Apolipoprotein	8058274	3001489	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	Apolipoprotein	e2kc3A1	A: alpha bundles	X: Four-helical up-and-down bundle	H: Apolipoprotein (From Topology)	T: Apolipoprotein	F: Apolipoprotein	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	1.20.120.20	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Four Helix Bundle (Hemerythrin (Met), subunit A)	Apolipoprotein	CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A	PF01442	Apolipoprotein A1/A4/E domain (Apolipoprotein)	Apolipoprotein A1/A4/E domain	These proteins contain several 22 residue repeats which form a pair of alpha helices. This family includes: Swiss:P02647 Apolipoprotein A-I. Swiss:P06727 Apolipoprotein A-IV. Swiss:P02649 Apolipoprotein E.	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A	Apolipoprotein E	amide binding amyloid-beta binding binding peptide binding phospholipid binding lipid binding protein-containing complex binding protein binding protein dimerization activity enzyme regulator activity enzyme activator activity molecular function activator activity molecular function regulator activity phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase activator activity amide binding amyloid-beta binding binding peptide binding phospholipid binding lipid binding protein-containing complex binding protein binding protein dimerization activity enzyme regulator activity enzyme activator activity molecular function activator activity molecular function regulator activity phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase activator activity signaling receptor binding antioxidant activity cation binding ion binding metal chelating activity metal ion binding small molecule binding identical protein binding protein homodimerization activity structural molecule activity sterol transfer activity lipid transporter activity lipid transfer activity transporter activity cholesterol transfer activity cytoskeletal protein binding tau protein binding heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding proteoglycan binding carbohydrate derivative binding sulfur compound binding lipoprotein particle binding protein-lipid complex binding low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding lipoprotein particle receptor binding enzyme binding very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding heparin binding glycosaminoglycan binding	negative regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation positive regulation of cell communication regulation of cellular process modulation of chemical synaptic transmission signaling positive regulation of biological process negative regulation of biological process cell communication long-term synaptic potentiation synaptic signaling regulation of biological quality positive regulation of cellular process regulation of synaptic plasticity trans-synaptic signaling negative regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation positive regulation of cell communication regulation of cellular process modulation of chemical synaptic transmission signaling positive regulation of biological process negative regulation of biological process cell communication long-term synaptic potentiation synaptic signaling regulation of biological quality positive regulation of cellular process regulation of synaptic plasticity trans-synaptic signaling regulation of biological process regulation of signaling biological regulation cell-cell signaling positive regulation of synaptic transmission chemical synaptic transmission regulation of trans-synaptic signaling anterograde trans-synaptic signaling regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation regulation of cell communication cellular process positive regulation of signaling positive regulation of cholesterol efflux regulation of localization transport positive regulation of sterol transport regulation of lipid transport organic hydroxy compound transport localization regulation of cholesterol efflux sterol transport regulation of cholesterol transport positive regulation of cholesterol transport regulation of sterol transport regulation of transport organic substance transport lipid localization lipid transport positive regulation of lipid localization establishment of localization positive regulation of lipid transport positive regulation of transport regulation of lipid localization macromolecule localization cholesterol transport cholesterol efflux negative regulation of protein transport protein localization establishment of protein localization cellular localization nitrogen compound transport regulation of protein localization negative regulation of transport protein localization to extracellular region negative regulation of secretion regulation of secretion by cell secretion by cell cellular macromolecule localization negative regulation of cellular process negative regulation of secretion by cell negative regulation of protein localization secretion regulation of establishment of protein localization establishment of protein localization to extracellular region negative regulation of establishment of protein localization export from cell regulation of protein transport protein secretion regulation of secretion regulation of protein secretion negative regulation of protein secretion protein transport regulation of cellular localization reverse cholesterol transport cellular response to stimulus response to stimulus regulation of catalytic activity negative regulation of catalytic activity regulation of signal transduction regulation of transferase activity regulation of MAP kinase activity intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of cellular metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process negative regulation of kinase activity negative regulation of transferase activity regulation of phosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process intracellular signaling cassette negative regulation of protein modification process signal transduction phosphorus metabolic process protein modification process negative regulation of protein metabolic process protein phosphorylation phosphorylation cellular metabolic process regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process primary metabolic process regulation of MAPK cascade regulation of molecular function regulation of kinase activity regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of protein phosphorylation regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity macromolecule modification regulation of phosphorus metabolic process metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of metabolic process regulation of protein modification process regulation of protein phosphorylation negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process negative regulation of cell communication organic substance metabolic process regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity protein metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process organonitrogen compound metabolic process negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of molecular function negative regulation of MAP kinase activity regulation of protein kinase activity regulation of macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of protein kinase activity negative regulation of signal transduction negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process MAPK cascade regulation of phosphorylation negative regulation of phosphorylation negative regulation of MAPK cascade organic anion transport carboxylic acid transport organic acid transport monocarboxylic acid transport fatty acid transport long-chain fatty acid transport regulation of CoA-transferase activity positive regulation of molecular function positive regulation of transferase activity positive regulation of CoA-transferase activity positive regulation of catalytic activity multicellular organismal process plasma lipoprotein particle clearance triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle clearance regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle levels intermediate-density lipoprotein particle clearance amyloid precursor protein catabolic process regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process amyloid precursor protein metabolic process developmental process blood vessel morphogenesis tube development artery development vasculature development circulatory system development multicellular organism development anatomical structure morphogenesis tube morphogenesis anatomical structure development artery morphogenesis blood vessel development system development regulation of cholesterol metabolic process organic hydroxy compound metabolic process sterol metabolic process steroid metabolic process regulation of steroid metabolic process regulation of lipid metabolic process cholesterol metabolic process alcohol metabolic process organic cyclic compound metabolic process secondary alcohol metabolic process regulation of small molecule metabolic process small molecule metabolic process lipid metabolic process response to nutrient levels response to caloric restriction response to stress regulation of neuron projection development regulation of cellular component organization positive regulation of cellular component organization cellular developmental process cell projection organization cell development neuron projection development cellular component organization neurogenesis neuron differentiation positive regulation of neuron projection development cell differentiation positive regulation of cell projection organization cellular component organization or biogenesis plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization regulation of cell projection organization nervous system development generation of neurons neuron development regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization chylomicron remnant clearance membrane organization postsynapse organization neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering localization within membrane protein localization to membrane cell junction organization receptor clustering synapse organization NMDA glutamate receptor clustering postsynaptic membrane organization regulation of amyloid fibril formation amyloid fibril formation regulation of supramolecular fiber organization supramolecular fiber organization maintenance of location in cell maintenance of location regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of amyloid-beta clearance amyloid-beta clearance response to oxidative stress response to chemical response to oxygen-containing compound response to reactive oxygen species negative regulation of triglyceride metabolic process neutral lipid metabolic process regulation of triglyceride metabolic process triglyceride metabolic process cellular lipid metabolic process glycerolipid metabolic process acylglycerol metabolic process negative regulation of lipid metabolic process regulation of body fluid levels regulation of response to external stimulus regulation of cell activation negative regulation of platelet activation regulation of response to wounding regulation of coagulation regulation of response to stress coagulation response to wounding regulation of hemostasis wound healing negative regulation of wound healing regulation of blood coagulation negative regulation of blood coagulation hemostasis cell activation response to external stimulus negative regulation of response to wounding blood coagulation negative regulation of cell activation negative regulation of hemostasis regulation of platelet activation negative regulation of coagulation negative regulation of response to external stimulus regulation of wound healing negative regulation of multicellular organismal process platelet activation cellular biosynthetic process lipoprotein biosynthetic process lipoprotein metabolic process organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process macromolecule biosynthetic process biosynthetic process organic substance biosynthetic process plasma lipoprotein particle organization low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling protein-containing complex organization protein-containing complex remodeling protein-lipid complex organization plasma lipoprotein particle remodeling protein-lipid complex remodeling positive regulation of amyloid fibril formation positive regulation of protein metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process positive regulation of supramolecular fiber organization positive regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of response to stimulus positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade positive regulation of MAPK cascade positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction ERK1 and ERK2 cascade regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade nitric oxide mediated signal transduction virion assembly viral process viral life cycle small GTPase-mediated signal transduction regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction regulation of Cdc42 protein signal transduction regulation of Rho protein signal transduction Rho protein signal transduction Cdc42 protein signal transduction system process regulation of system process vascular transport regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier regulation of vascular permeability circulatory system process positive regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier positive regulation of transport across blood-brain barrier blood circulation transport across blood-brain barrier positive regulation of vascular permeability regulation of transport across blood-brain barrier vascular process in circulatory system positive regulation of multicellular organismal process lipid transport across blood-brain barrier regulation of defense response negative regulation of inflammatory response defense response regulation of inflammatory response negative regulation of defense response inflammatory response dendritic spine maintenance cellular component maintenance regulation of dendritic spine maintenance positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance regulation of synapse structure or activity dendritic spine organization regulation of postsynapse organization regulation of synapse organization neuron projection organization sterol homeostasis chemical homeostasis homeostatic process cholesterol homeostasis lipid homeostasis regulation of protein binding regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding positive regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding positive regulation of protein binding regulation of binding positive regulation of binding axon extension regulation of growth axonogenesis regulation of cellular component size developmental growth cell projection morphogenesis neuron projection morphogenesis developmental growth involved in morphogenesis regulation of developmental process plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis cell growth cell morphogenesis regulation of axon extension regulation of extent of cell growth regulation of cell size neuron projection extension regulation of developmental growth developmental cell growth growth axon development regulation of cell growth cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation regulation of anatomical structure size behavior locomotory behavior exploration behavior locomotory exploration behavior protein import cellular response to very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus response to organic substance response to endogenous stimulus response to organonitrogen compound regulation of cellular response to very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus response to lipoprotein particle response to nitrogen compound cellular response to lipoprotein particle stimulus fatty acid homeostasis gene expression high-density lipoprotein particle clearance negative regulation of locomotion regulation of cell motility endothelial cell migration negative regulation of endothelial cell migration tissue migration negative regulation of epithelial cell migration ameboidal-type cell migration regulation of cell migration regulation of endothelial cell migration cell migration epithelial cell migration cell motility regulation of epithelial cell migration locomotion negative regulation of cell migration epithelium migration regulation of locomotion negative regulation of cell motility G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway organonitrogen compound catabolic process catabolic process protein catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process lipoprotein catabolic process organic substance catabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression negative regulation of gene expression negative regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process lipid storage lipid transport involved in lipid storage negative regulation of cell population proliferation cell population proliferation endothelial cell proliferation negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation regulation of endothelial cell proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of epithelial cell proliferation epithelial cell proliferation negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation import into cell regulation of vesicle-mediated transport vesicle-mediated transport positive regulation of endocytosis endocytosis regulation of endocytosis multicellular organismal-level homeostasis response to dietary excess energy homeostasis sterol catabolic process alcohol catabolic process lipid catabolic process organic cyclic compound catabolic process cholesterol catabolic process steroid catabolic process organic hydroxy compound catabolic process small molecule catabolic process AMPA glutamate receptor clustering glutamate receptor clustering regulation of oxidoreductase activity positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity regulation of monooxygenase activity positive regulation of monooxygenase activity regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity triglyceride homeostasis acylglycerol homeostasis regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway canonical Wnt signaling pathway negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway Wnt signaling pathway cell surface receptor signaling pathway regulation of Wnt signaling pathway negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle remodeling very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling inorganic ion homeostasis intracellular calcium ion homeostasis calcium ion homeostasis cellular homeostasis intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis monoatomic ion homeostasis intracellular chemical homeostasis monoatomic cation homeostasis intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis positive regulation of dendritic spine development regulation of dendritic spine development positive regulation of developmental process dendrite development dendritic spine development negative regulation of cell projection organization negative regulation of cellular component organization negative regulation of neuron projection development negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process negative regulation of steroid metabolic process regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process sterol biosynthetic process organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process regulation of sterol biosynthetic process negative regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process regulation of steroid biosynthetic process negative regulation of cholesterol metabolic process lipid biosynthetic process steroid biosynthetic process secondary alcohol biosynthetic process small molecule biosynthetic process cholesterol biosynthetic process negative regulation of sterol biosynthetic process organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process alcohol biosynthetic process negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process regulation of lipid biosynthetic process negative regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process receptor catabolic process positive regulation of cellular metabolic process cellular catabolic process receptor metabolic process regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process positive regulation of receptor catabolic process low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process regulation of catabolic process positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process positive regulation of protein catabolic process positive regulation of catabolic process low-density lipoprotein receptor particle metabolic process regulation of receptor catabolic process regulation of cellular catabolic process positive regulation of cellular catabolic process regulation of protein catabolic process organelle organization cytoskeleton organization regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration blood vessel endothelial cell migration regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity regulation of amide metabolic process regulation of amyloid-beta formation negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process amyloid-beta metabolic process amide metabolic process amyloid-beta formation negative regulation of amyloid-beta formation negative regulation of amide metabolic process modulation by host of viral process biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms modulation by host of symbiont process positive regulation by host of viral process biological process involved in interaction with symbiont biological process involved in symbiotic interaction proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process regulation of proteolysis proteolysis proteasomal protein catabolic process regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis membrane protein proteolysis membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis positive regulation of proteolysis receptor-mediated endocytosis regulation of cellular component biogenesis cellular component biogenesis regulation of protein-containing complex assembly cellular component assembly protein-containing complex assembly high-density lipoprotein particle assembly plasma lipoprotein particle assembly protein-lipid complex assembly very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance phospholipid transport organophosphate ester transport phospholipid efflux behavioral fear response regulation of fear response multicellular organismal response to stress regulation of behavioral fear response regulation of behavior behavioral defense response fear response cGMP-mediated signaling positive regulation of amyloid-beta clearance regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation smooth muscle cell proliferation negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation muscle cell proliferation positive regulation of lipid metabolic process positive regulation of cholesterol metabolic process positive regulation of steroid metabolic process positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process neuron apoptotic process negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process regulation of programmed cell death cell death negative regulation of apoptotic process apoptotic process programmed cell death regulation of neuron apoptotic process learning or memory long-term memory nervous system process cognition memory regulation of tube diameter regulation of tube size blood vessel diameter maintenance vasodilation vesicle organization melanosome organization pigmentation cellular pigmentation pigment granule organization regulation of response to biotic stimulus response to biotic stimulus innate immune response regulation of immune system process response to external biotic stimulus immune response response to other organism regulation of innate immune response defense response to symbiont immune system process defense response to other organism regulation of immune response establishment of localization in cell intracellular transport high-density lipoprotein particle remodeling positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription RNA metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process synaptic transmission, cholinergic regulation of phospholipid transport positive regulation of phospholipid efflux regulation of phospholipid efflux positive regulation of phospholipid transport negative regulation of amyloid fibril formation negative regulation of supramolecular fiber organization	discoidal high-density lipoprotein particle protein-containing complex extracellular region plasma lipoprotein particle high-density lipoprotein particle extracellular space cellular anatomical entity lipoprotein particle protein-lipid complex membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure intracellular vesicle intracellular organelle bounding membrane of organelle discoidal high-density lipoprotein particle protein-containing complex extracellular region plasma lipoprotein particle high-density lipoprotein particle extracellular space cellular anatomical entity lipoprotein particle protein-lipid complex membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure intracellular vesicle intracellular organelle bounding membrane of organelle cytoplasmic vesicle vesicle membrane clathrin-coated vesicle endocytic vesicle membrane coated vesicle vesicle endocytic vesicle clathrin-coated vesicle membrane clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane membrane intracellular membrane-bounded organelle clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle cytoplasmic vesicle membrane coated vesicle membrane organelle cytoplasm organelle membrane membrane-enclosed lumen endomembrane system intracellular organelle lumen endoplasmic reticulum lumen organelle lumen endoplasmic reticulum extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle chylomicron remnant chylomicron cell periphery plasma membrane extracellular matrix external encapsulating structure low-density lipoprotein particle intermediate-density lipoprotein particle triglyceride-rich plasma lipoprotein particle endocytic vesicle lumen multivesicular body, internal vesicle endosome late endosome multivesicular body extracellular exosome collagen-containing extracellular matrix synaptic cleft somatodendritic compartment cell projection dendrite dendritic tree neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection synapse cell junction glutamatergic synapse Golgi apparatus cell body neuronal cell body pigment granule melanosome early endosome blood microparticle very-low-density lipoprotein particle nucleus

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A	IPR000074	Apolipoprotein A/E	Family

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A	Pharos: P02649	Alzheimer disease sea-blue histiocyte syndrome amyloidosis hyperlipoproteinemia type 3 Alzheimer disease 2 atherosclerosis psoriasis lipoprotein glomerulopathy age-related macular degeneration hypertensive disorder cerebral amyloid angiopathy myocardial infarction familial hypercholesterolemia arteriosclerosis disorder carotid stenosis Alzheimer disease sea-blue histiocyte syndrome amyloidosis hyperlipoproteinemia type 3 Alzheimer disease 2 atherosclerosis psoriasis lipoprotein glomerulopathy age-related macular degeneration hypertensive disorder cerebral amyloid angiopathy myocardial infarction familial hypercholesterolemia arteriosclerosis disorder carotid stenosis Alzheimer disease 4 familial hyperlipidemia obesity disorder Down syndrome Wilson disease Cognition Disorders Lewy body dementia tubular adenocarcinoma adenocarcinoma proteinuria carotid artery disease granular cell carcinoma hearing loss disorder type 2 diabetes mellitus age related macular degeneration 1 schizophrenia cerebrovascular disorder kidney failure coronary artery disease heart disease visual epilepsy cardiovascular disease mercury poisoning relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis multiple sclerosis inborn errors of metabolism internal carotid artery stenosis nasopharyngeal carcinoma Finnish type amyloidosis neurodegenerative disease gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy large cell medulloblastoma glioblastoma cribriform carcinoma AA amyloidosis oligodendroglioma pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma head and neck cancer dementia pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia vascular dementia lung benign neoplasm acquired metabolic disease atopic eczema wet macular degeneration malignant ependymoma adrenal cortex carcinoma medullary thyroid gland carcinoma metabolic syndrome X retinal degeneration cerebral amyloid angiopathy, APP-related esophageal adenocarcinoma inherited lipid metabolism disorder interstitial cystitis nephrosclerosis aortic aneurysm juvenile dermatomyositis non-alcoholic fatty liver disease lattice corneal dystrophy cribriform carcinoma of breast abdominal aortic aneurysm osteosarcoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma astrocytic tumor ABri amyloidosis Parkinson disease hypercholesterolemia, autosomal dominant, type B bipolar disorder malignant mesothelioma drug-induced liver injury hyperlipidemia medulloblastoma pustulosis palmaris et plantaris inborn carbohydrate metabolic disorder Alzheimer disease type 1 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease myopathy invasive ductal breast carcinoma gastric carcinoma Sjogren syndrome Creutzfeldt Jacob disease delirium ovarian cancer pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm ulcerative colitis macular degeneration ADan amyloidosis primary cutaneous amyloidosis Duchenne muscular dystrophy pulmonary emphysema alcohol abuse

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the National Science Foundation (DBI-1832184), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM133198.