1GI2

A NOVEL SERINE PROTEASE INHIBITION MOTIF INVOLVING A MULTI-CENTERED SHORT HYDROGEN BONDING NETWORK AT THE ACTIVE SITE


Experimental Data Snapshot

  • Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
  • Resolution: 1.38 Å
  • R-Value Free: 0.205 
  • R-Value Work: 0.184 
  • R-Value Observed: 0.185 

wwPDB Validation   3D Report Full Report


This is version 1.4 of the entry. See complete history


Literature

A novel serine protease inhibition motif involving a multi-centered short hydrogen bonding network at the active site.

Katz, B.A.Elrod, K.Luong, C.Rice, M.J.Mackman, R.L.Sprengeler, P.A.Spencer, J.Hataye, J.Janc, J.Link, J.Litvak, J.Rai, R.Rice, K.Sideris, S.Verner, E.Young, W.

(2001) J Mol Biol 307: 1451-1486

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.2001.4516
  • Primary Citation of Related Structures:  
    1GHV, 1GHW, 1GHX, 1GHY, 1GHZ, 1GI0, 1GI1, 1GI2, 1GI3, 1GI4, 1GI5, 1GI6, 1GI7, 1GI8, 1GI9

  • PubMed Abstract: 

    We describe a new serine protease inhibition motif in which binding is mediated by a cluster of very short hydrogen bonds (<2.3 A) at the active site. This protease-inhibitor binding paradigm is observed at high resolution in a large set of crystal structures of trypsin, thrombin, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) bound with a series of small molecule inhibitors (2-(2-phenol)indoles and 2-(2-phenol)benzimidazoles). In each complex there are eight enzyme-inhibitor or enzyme-water-inhibitor hydrogen bonds at the active site, three of which are very short. These short hydrogen bonds connect a triangle of oxygen atoms comprising O(gamma)(Ser195), a water molecule co-bound in the oxyanion hole (H(2)O(oxy)), and the phenolate oxygen atom of the inhibitor (O6'). Two of the other hydrogen bonds between the inhibitor and active site of the trypsin and uPA complexes become short in the thrombin counterparts, extending the three-centered short hydrogen-bonding array into a tetrahedral array of atoms (three oxygen and one nitrogen) involved in short hydrogen bonds. In the uPA complexes, the extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions at the active site prevent the inhibitor S1 amidine from forming direct hydrogen bonds with Asp189 because the S1 site is deeper in uPA than in trypsin or thrombin. Ionization equilibria at the active site associated with inhibitor binding are probed through determination and comparison of structures over a wide range of pH (3.5 to 11.4) of thrombin complexes and of trypsin complexes in three different crystal forms. The high-pH trypsin-inhibitor structures suggest that His57 is protonated at pH values as high as 9.5. The pH-dependent inhibition of trypsin, thrombin, uPA and factor Xa by 2-(2-phenol)benzimidazole analogs in which the pK(a) of the phenol group is modulated is shown to be consistent with a binding process involving ionization of both the inhibitor and the enzyme. These data further suggest that the pK(a) of His57 of each protease in the unbound state in solution is about the same, approximately 6.8. By comparing inhibition constants (K(i) values), inhibitor solubilities, inhibitor conformational energies and corresponding structures of short and normal hydrogen bond-mediated complexes, we have estimated the contribution of the short hydrogen bond networks to inhibitor affinity ( approximately 1.7 kcal/mol). The structures and K(i) values associated with the short hydrogen-bonding motif are compared with those corresponding to an alternate, Zn(2+)-mediated inhibition motif at the active site. Structural differences among apo-enzymes, enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-inhibitor-Zn(2+) complexes are discussed in the context of affinity determinants, selectivity development, and structure-based inhibitor design.


  • Organizational Affiliation

    Axys Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 385 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 3, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA. brad_katz@axyspharm.com


Macromolecules
Find similar proteins by:  (by identity cutoff)  |  3D Structure
Entity ID: 1
MoleculeChains Sequence LengthOrganismDetailsImage
BETA-TRYPSIN223Bos taurusMutation(s): 0 
EC: 3.4.21.4
UniProt
Find proteins for P00760 (Bos taurus)
Explore P00760 
Go to UniProtKB:  P00760
Entity Groups  
Sequence Clusters30% Identity50% Identity70% Identity90% Identity95% Identity100% Identity
UniProt GroupP00760
Sequence Annotations
Expand
  • Reference Sequence
Small Molecules
Binding Affinity Annotations 
IDSourceBinding Affinity
122 BindingDB:  1GI2 Ki: min: 65, max: 3600 (nM) from 4 assay(s)
Experimental Data & Validation

Experimental Data

  • Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
  • Resolution: 1.38 Å
  • R-Value Free: 0.205 
  • R-Value Work: 0.184 
  • R-Value Observed: 0.185 
  • Space Group: P 21 21 21
Unit Cell:
Length ( Å )Angle ( ˚ )
a = 54.87α = 90
b = 58.7β = 90
c = 67.33γ = 90
Software Package:
Software NamePurpose
bioteXdata collection
bioteXdata reduction
X-PLORrefinement
bioteXdata scaling

Structure Validation

View Full Validation Report



Entry History 

Revision History  (Full details and data files)

  • Version 1.0: 2002-01-22
    Type: Initial release
  • Version 1.1: 2008-04-26
    Changes: Version format compliance
  • Version 1.2: 2011-07-13
    Changes: Version format compliance
  • Version 1.3: 2017-10-04
    Changes: Refinement description
  • Version 1.4: 2023-12-27
    Changes: Data collection, Database references, Derived calculations