1NF5

Crystal Structure of Lactose Synthase, Complex with Glucose


Experimental Data Snapshot

  • Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
  • Resolution: 2.00 Å
  • R-Value Free: 0.241 
  • R-Value Work: 0.190 
  • R-Value Observed: 0.190 

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Literature

Crystal Structure of Lactose Synthase Reveals a Large Conformational Change in its Catalytic Component, the beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase

Ramakrishnan, B.Qasba, P.K.

(2001) J Mol Biol 310: 205-218

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.2001.4757
  • Primary Citation of Related Structures:  
    1NF5, 1NHE, 1NKH, 1NQI

  • PubMed Abstract: 

    The lactose synthase (LS) enzyme is a 1:1 complex of a catalytic component, beta1,4-galactosyltransferse (beta4Gal-T1) and a regulatory component, alpha-lactalbumin (LA), a mammary gland-specific protein. LA promotes the binding of glucose (Glc) to beta4Gal-T1, thereby altering its sugar acceptor specificity from N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to glucose, which enables LS to synthesize lactose, the major carbohydrate component of milk. The crystal structures of LS bound with various substrates were solved at 2 A resolution. These structures reveal that upon substrate binding to beta4Gal-T1, a large conformational change occurs in the region comprising residues 345 to 365. This repositions His347 in such a way that it can participate in the coordination of a metal ion, and creates a sugar and LA-binding site. At the sugar-acceptor binding site, a hydrophobic N-acetyl group-binding pocket is found, formed by residues Arg359, Phe360 and Ile363. In the Glc-bound structure, this hydrophobic pocket is absent. For the binding of Glc to LS, a reorientation of the Arg359 side-chain occurs, which blocks the hydrophobic pocket and maximizes the interactions with the Glc molecule. Thus, the role of LA is to hold Glc by hydrogen bonding with the O-1 hydroxyl group in the acceptor-binding site on beta4Gal-T1, while the N-acetyl group-binding pocket in beta4Gal-T1 adjusts to maximize the interactions with the Glc molecule. This study provides details of a structural basis for the partially ordered kinetic mechanism proposed for lactose synthase.


  • Organizational Affiliation

    Structural Glycobiology Section, Intramural Research Support Program-SAIC, Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.


Macromolecules
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Entity ID: 1
MoleculeChains Sequence LengthOrganismDetailsImage
Alpha-lactalbumin
A, C
123Mus musculusMutation(s): 0 
Gene Names: LALBA
UniProt
Find proteins for P29752 (Mus musculus)
Explore P29752 
Go to UniProtKB:  P29752
Entity Groups  
Sequence Clusters30% Identity50% Identity70% Identity90% Identity95% Identity100% Identity
UniProt GroupP29752
Sequence Annotations
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  • Reference Sequence
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Entity ID: 2
MoleculeChains Sequence LengthOrganismDetailsImage
beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase
B, D
286Bos taurusMutation(s): 0 
EC: 2.4.1.22 (PDB Primary Data), 2.4.1.90 (PDB Primary Data), 2.4.1.38 (PDB Primary Data)
UniProt
Find proteins for P08037 (Bos taurus)
Explore P08037 
Go to UniProtKB:  P08037
Entity Groups  
Sequence Clusters30% Identity50% Identity70% Identity90% Identity95% Identity100% Identity
UniProt GroupP08037
Sequence Annotations
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  • Reference Sequence
Small Molecules
Ligands 4 Unique
IDChains Name / Formula / InChI Key2D Diagram3D Interactions
PG4
Query on PG4

Download Ideal Coordinates CCD File 
F [auth A],
H [auth B]
TETRAETHYLENE GLYCOL
C8 H18 O5
UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BGC
Query on BGC

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G [auth B],
K [auth D]
beta-D-glucopyranose
C6 H12 O6
WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N
EDO
Query on EDO

Download Ideal Coordinates CCD File 
J [auth C]1,2-ETHANEDIOL
C2 H6 O2
LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CA
Query on CA

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E [auth A],
I [auth C]
CALCIUM ION
Ca
BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Experimental Data & Validation

Experimental Data

  • Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
  • Resolution: 2.00 Å
  • R-Value Free: 0.241 
  • R-Value Work: 0.190 
  • R-Value Observed: 0.190 
  • Space Group: P 1 21 1
Unit Cell:
Length ( Å )Angle ( ˚ )
a = 57.223α = 90
b = 93.898β = 101.5
c = 99.968γ = 90
Software Package:
Software NamePurpose
DENZOdata reduction
SCALEPACKdata scaling
AMoREphasing
CNSrefinement

Structure Validation

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Entry History 

Deposition Data

Revision History  (Full details and data files)

  • Version 1.0: 2002-12-25
    Type: Initial release
  • Version 1.1: 2008-04-29
    Changes: Version format compliance
  • Version 1.2: 2011-07-13
    Changes: Version format compliance
  • Version 1.3: 2020-07-29
    Type: Remediation
    Reason: Carbohydrate remediation
    Changes: Data collection, Derived calculations, Structure summary